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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Parotid Swelling
INFECTIOUS
• Mumps
• Parainfluenza
• Influenza
• Cytomegalovirus infection
• Coxsackievirus infection
• Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
• Echovirus infection
• Suppuration (bacterial)
• Actinomyces infection
• Mycobacterial infection
• Cat-scratch disease
NONINFECTIOUS
• Drug hypersensitivity (thiouracil, phenothiazines, thiocyanate, iodides, copper, isoprenaline, lead, mercury, phenylbutazone)
• Sarcoidosis
• Tumors, mixed
• Hemangioma, lymphangioma
• Sialectasis
• Sjögren’s syndrome
• Mikulicz’s syndrome (scleroderma, mixed connective tissue
disease, systemic lupus erythematosus)
• Recurrent idiopathic parotitis
• Pneumoparotitis
• Trauma
• Sialolithiasis
• Foreign body
• Cystic fibrosis
• Malnutrition (marasmus, alcohol cirrhosis)
• Dehydration
• Diabetes mellitus
• Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia
• Reiter’s syndrome
• Amyloidosis
NONPAROTID SWELLING
• Hypertrophy of masseter muscle
• Lymphadenopathy
• Rheumatoid mandibular joint swelling
• Tumors of jaw
• Infantile cortical hyperostosis
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (PCH)
OTHER CAUSES OF RED OR BROWN URINE
• Beet ingestion
• Medications (e.g., phenazopyridine)
• Myoglobinuria
• Hematuria
OTHER CAUSES OF HEMOLYSIS
• Hemoglobinopathies
• Erythrocyte membrane defects
• Medications, toxins
• Microangiopathy
• Other forms of autoimmune hemolysis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pedophilia
• Psychosis: may present with unusual ideas or statements that may rarely be confused with pedophilia; but statements or behaviors of psychotic individuals are usually disorganized and relatively short-lived.
• Paraphilic sexual behavior in the setting of another condition, such as mental retardation, brain injury, or drug intoxication
• Incest: some is not based in pedophilia but may instead reflect a dysfunctional family unit.
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pelvic Mass
• Simple ovarian cyst (follicle or corpus luteum)
• Paraovarian cyst
• Ovarian carcinoma, carcinoma of fallopian tube, colorectal carcinoma, metastatic carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease
• Leiomyosarcoma
• Leiomyoma
• Hydrosalpinx
• Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst
• Ectopic pregnancy, intrauterine pregnancy
• Diverticulitis, diverticular abscess
• Cystadenoma, teratoma, endometrioma
• Appendiceal abscess, tubo-ovarian abscess
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Pelvic Pain
GYNECOLOGIC DISORDERS
• Primary dysmenorrhea
• Endometriosis
• Adenomyosis
• Adhesions
• Fibroids
• Retained ovary syndrome after hysterectomy
• Previous tubal ligation
• Chronic pelvic infection
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
• Myofascial pain syndrome
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Inflammatory bowel disease
URINARY TRACT DISORDERS
• Interstitial cystitis
• Nonbacterial urethritis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pelvic Pain, Genital Origin
PERITONEAL IRRITATION
• Ruptured ectopic pregnancy
• Ovarian cyst rupture
• Ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess
• Uterine perforation
TORSION
• Ovarian cyst or tumor
• Pedunculated fibroid
INTRATUMOR HEMORRHAGE OR INFARCTION
• Ovarian cyst
• Solid ovarian tumor
• Uterine leiomyoma
INFECTION
• Endometritis
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Trichomonas cervicitis or vaginitis
• Tubo-ovarian abscess
PREGNANCY RELATED
First Trimester
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Abortion
• Corpus luteum hematoma
Late Pregnancy
• Placental problems
• Preeclampsia
• Premature labor
MISCELLANEOUS
• Endometriosis
• Foreign objects
• Pelvic adhesions
• Pelvic neoplasm
• Primary dysmenorrhea
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Panic Disorder
MEDICAL CONDITIONS
• Endocrinopathies
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Pheochromocytoma
• Carcinoid tumor
• Cardiac and respiratory diseases
• Arrhythmias
• Myocardial infarction
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Asthma
• Metabolic
• Hypoglycemia
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Porphyria
• Seizure disorders
• Psychiatric disorders (NOTE: Panic attacks are common in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Panic disorder could be conceptualized as a phobia of the somatic sensations or situations that have become paired with panic attacks.)
• Phobias (e.g., specific phobia or social phobia)
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (cued by exposure to the object of the obsession)
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (cued by recall of a stressor)
• Therapeutic (theophylline, steroids) and recreational (cocaine, amphetamine, caffeine, diet pills) drugs and drug withdrawal (alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Papilledema
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Sarcoidosis
• Pseudotumor cerebri
• Orbital lesions
• Metabolic abnormalities
• Medications (e.g., lithium, cisplatin, corticosteroids, tetracycline)
• Hypertensive encephalopathy
• Head trauma
• CNS neoplasm (primary or metastatic)
• CNS infections (viral, bacterial, fungal)
• Central retinal vein occlusion
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis
• Carbon dioxide retention
• Arnold-Chiari malformation and other developmental or congenital malformations
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.