Pathology - Congestive Heart Failure  Congestive Heart Failure Causes: Systolic: Ischemic heart disease, particularly myocardial infarction; hypertension; aortic and mitral regurgitation; dilated cardiomyopathy; myocarditis; hypertensive heart disease. Di

Pathology - Atrial Septal Defect Atrial septal defect is a medical condition characterized by a hole in the wall that separates the two upper chambers of the heart, known as the atria. Congenital abnormality: linked to trisomies and rubella syndrome. Pat

Pathology -  Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) The most prevalent congenital cardiac defect is due to the incomplete fusion of the interventricular septum with the aortic septum. It is frequently observed alongside other congenital cardiac abnormalities suc

Pathology - Patent Ductus Arteriosus  Patent Ductus Arteriosus refers to a medical condition characterized by the persistence of an open ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that should normally close shortly after birth. A congenital defect resulting from

Pathology - Coarctation of Aorta  Etiology unknown: linked with Turner syndrome (infantile form) More prevalent among males. Study of the nature and causes of diseases. Infantile type: Constriction of the aorta occurring before the ductus arteriosus. A

Pathology - Transposition of the Great Arteries The etiology of this condition is still unknown. However, it is believed to be linked to the aberrant development of the subpulmonary infundibulum during fetal development. This leads to the misalignment of

Pathology - Tetralogy of Fallot The condition is caused by the displacement of the infundibular septum towards the front and top, leading to an unequal split of the aorta and pulmonary artery. The tetralogy consists of four specific cardiac abnormalities

Pathology - Angina Pectoris  Stable angina is a condition that is mostly caused by the development of atherosclerosis. Prinzmetal (variant) Angina: Linked to constriction of the coronary arteries Unstable (crescendo) angina is the result of the breakdown

Myocardial  infarction Coronary artery blockage occurs due to vasospasm, embolus, or the presence of an atherosclerotic thrombus. Risk factors encompass advancing age and hypertension. Smoking and diabetes. Male sex, women who have reached menopause, and

Pathology - Mitral Stenosis  Mitral stenosis is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve. The condition is typically attributed to rheumatic heart disease, however it can also arise from calcific disease. The mitral valve ex