Pathology - Myocardial infarction
Coronary artery blockage occurs due to vasospasm, embolus, or the presence of an atherosclerotic thrombus. Risk factors encompass advancing age and hypertension. Smoking and diabetes. Male sex, women who have reached menopause, and individuals with high levels of lipids in the blood (hyperlipidemia). The progression of the heart tissue involves a transition from wavy fibers with swelling and bleeding (4-12 hours) to a state of tissue death with increased staining of muscle cells and infiltration of white blood cells (12-36 hours). This is followed by the infiltration of macrophages that engulf dead cells and the formation of granulation tissue (-10 days). Finally, scar tissue forms, which takes approximately 10 days to 2 months. Symptoms and signs The individual experiences severe chest discomfort that extends to the lower jaw and left arm. This pain is accompanied by symptoms such as difficulty breathing and feeling nauseous. and excessive sweating Possible complications of this condition include cardiac arrhythmia, which can lead to sudden death within the first few days, as well as fibrinous pericarditis, which may occur within 3-5 days. Cardiogenic shock due to congestive heart failure. Thromboembolism, which is the formation of a blood clot that travels and blocks a blood vessel, can lead to the rupture of the ventricular free wall or septum (VSD) within a period of 7-10 days. Papillary muscle rupture resulting in mitral regurgitation. Dressler syndrome refers to the occurrence of autoimmune fibrinous pericarditis several weeks after a myocardial infarction (MI). Laboratory results• Increased levels of cardiac troponin (seen within 4 hours to 10 days): higher levels of CK-MB, LDH-1, and AST. Electrocardiogram (ECG): ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is diagnosed when there is an abrupt increase in the ST segment; non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI) may appear with T waves that are inverted or ST segments that are depressed. Q waves may eventually manifest in both STEMI and non-STEMI cases. Treatment options for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) include thrombolytic treatment or coronary angioplasty. Treatment options for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction include coronary angioplasty or medicinal intervention. Treatment for all cases of myocardial infarctions includes medical therapy with aspirin, statins, beta-blockers, and smoking cessation.
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