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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vestibular Neuronitis
• Brainstem and cerebellar infarction
• Labyrinthine infarction
• Labyrinthitis: similar cause but includes hearing loss
• Migraine-associated vertigo
• Multiple sclerosis
• Perilymph fistula
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vision Loss, Acute, Painless
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
• Exudative macular degeneration
• Factitious
• Ischemic optic neuropathy
• Optic neuritis
• Retinal artery occlusion
• Retinal detachment
• Retinal vein occlusion
• Somatization syndrome, anxiety reaction
• Vitreous hemorrhage
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vocal Cord Paralysis
• Cardiac surgery
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
• CNS abnormalities: hydrocephalus, Arnold-Chiari malformation, meningomyelocele
• Idiopathic
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Neck surgery (parathyroid, thyroid, carotid endarterectomy, cervical spine)
• Neoplasm: primary or metastatic (e.g., lung, thyroid, parathyroid, mediastinum)
• Parkinsonism
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Toxic neuropathy
• Trauma (intubation, penetrating neck injury)
• Viral, bacterial, or fungal infection
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Volume Depletion
• Gastrointestinal losses
• Lower: bleeding, diarrhea, enteric or pancreatic fistula, tubedrainage
• Renal losses
• Salt and water: diuretics, osmotic diuresis, postobstructive diuresis, acute tubular necrosis (recovery phase), salt-losing nephropathy, adrenal insufficiency, renal tubular acidosis
• Sequestration without external fluid loss: intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, pancreatitis, rhabdomyolysis, internal bleeding
• Skin and respiratory losses: sweat, burns, insensible losses
• Upper: bleeding, nasogastric suction, vomiting
• Water loss: diabetes insipidus
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.