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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute Nephritic Syndrome 
LOW SERUM COMPLEMENT LEVEL
• Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis
• Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Subacute bacterial endocarditis
• Visceral abscess “shunt” nephritis
• Cryoglobulinemia
NORMAL SERUM COMPLEMENT LEVEL
• IgA nephropathy
• Idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
• Anti–glomerular basement membrane disease
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Wegener’s glomerulonephritis
• Henoch-Schönlein purpura
• Goodpasture’s syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Nephroblastoma
• Other intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal tumors
• Other renal malignant neoplasms: hypernephroma, transitional cell carcinoma, lymphoma, clear cell sarcoma, rhabdoid tumor of the kidney
• Renal cyst
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Nephrocalcinosis
• Bartter’s syndrome
• Chronic glomerulonephritis
• Cortical necrosis
• Distal renal tubular acidosis
• Hyperoxaluria
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypervitaminosis D
• Idiopathic hypercalciuria
• Idiopathic hypercalciuria
• Medullary sponge kidney
• Milk-alkali syndrome
• Rapidly progressive osteoporosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Tuberculosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Nephrotic Syndrome
• Carcinoma
• Infections
• Malignant hypertension
• Other edema states (congestive heart failure [CHF], cirrhosis)
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Primary renal disease (e.g., focal glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis)
• Serum sickness
• Toxemia of pregnancy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Neuroblastoma
• Hepatoblastoma
• Other small, round, blue cell childhood tumors, such as lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs)
• Wilms’ tumor
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Neurogenic Bladder
SUPRATENTORIAL
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
• Parkinson’s disease
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Cerebral palsy
SPINAL CORD
• Spinal cord injury
• Spinal stenosis
• Central cord syndrome
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
• Multiple sclerosis
• Myelodysplasia
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
• Diabetes
• Alcohol
• Shingles
• Syphilis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
• CNS or systemic infections, including sepsis
• Heat stroke, drug-induced states and overdose (ecstasy abuse, phencyclidine), thyrotoxicosis, pheochromocytoma, serotonin syndrome
• Malignant hyperthermia, catatonia, acute psychosis with agitation
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Focal Neurologic Deficit 
TRAUMATIC: INTRACRANIAL, INTRASPINAL
• Subdural hematoma
• Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
• Epidural hematoma
• Traumatic hemorrhagic necrosis
INFECTIOUS
• Brain abscess
• Epidural and subdural abscesses
• Meningitis
NEOPLASTIC
• Primary CNS tumors
• Metastatic tumors
• Syringomyelia
• Vascular
• Thrombosis
• Embolism
• Spontaneous hemorrhage: arteriovenous malformation, aneurysm, hypertensive
METABOLIC
• Hypoglycemia
• Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Post seizure
• Hyperosmolar nonketotic
OTHER
• Migraine
• Bell’s palsy
• Psychogenic
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Neck Mass
• Congenital anomalies: thyroglossal duct cyst, bronchial apparatus anomalies, teratomas, ranula, dermoid cysts, hemangioma, laryngoceles, cystic hygroma
• Neoplasm (primary or metastatic): lipoma
• Non-neoplastic inflammatory etiologies: folliculitis, adenopathy secondary to peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal or parapharyngeal abscess, salivary gland infections, viral infections (mononucleosis, HIV, cytomegalovirus [CMV]), TB, cat-scratch disease, toxoplasmosis, Actinomyces, atypical mycobacterium, jugular vein thrombus
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.