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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Opioid Dependence
• Psychiatric disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder)
• Acute medical illness (e.g., hypoglycemia, seizure disorder, sepsis,
renal or hepatic insufficiency) may mimic opiate withdrawal
symptoms.
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Opsoclonus
• Thalamic disorder (glioma, hemorrhage)
• Pontine hemorrhage
• Multiple sclerosis
• Medications (e.g., phenytoin, haloperidol, amitriptyline, diazepam, vidarabine)
• Hyperosmolar coma
• Hydrocephalus
• Encephalitis
• Cocaine
• CNS lymphoma
• Carcinoma, paraneoplastic
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Optic Atrophy
• Unilateral optic atrophy in a young person is more commonly MS.
• Postviral atrophy may be seen in childhood.
• Nutritional, toxic, and hereditary causes are usually bilateral.
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Multifocal Neurologic Deficit
• Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: postviral or postimmunization
• Autoimmune: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Granulomatous encephalomyelitis: sarcoid
• Infectious encephalomyelitis: poliovirus, enteroviruses, arbovirus, herpes zoster, Epstein Barr virus
• Other: familial spinocerebellar degenerations
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Painful Neuropathies
MONONEUROPATHIES
• Compressive neuropathy (carpal tunnel, meralgia paresthetica)
• Trigeminal neuralgia
• Ischemic neuropathy
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Diabetic mononeuropathy
• Herpes zoster
• Idiopathic and familial brachial plexopathy
POLYNEUROPATHIES
• Diabetes mellitus
• Paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy
• Nutritional neuropathy
• Multiple myeloma
• Amyloid
• Dominantly inherited sensory neuropathy
• Toxic (arsenic, thallium, metronidazole)
• AIDS-associated neuropathy
• Tangier disease
• Fabry’s disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Neuropathy, Hereditary
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease; other genetic, metabolic, and multisystem disorders including:
• Spinocerebellar ataxias
• Friedreich’s ataxia
• Leukodystrophies
• Refsum’s disease (elevated serum phytanic acid)
• Distal spinal muscular atrophies and distal myopathies, which can present with pes cavu  and other foot deformities
• Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
• Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure-sensitive palsies (HNPP)
• Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA), which typically is painful rather than painless. In addition, in HNA, there is no evidence of generalized polyneuropathy.
• Multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block (MMNCB): autoimmune mediated and pure motor
• Neuropathy associated with renal failure
• Lead neuropathy
• Neuropathy relating to paraproteinemia (demyelinating pathophysiology)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Neck Pain
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Spondyloarthropathies
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
NONINFLAMMATORY DISEASE
• Cervical osteoarthritis
• Discogenic neck pain
• Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
• Fibromyalgia or myofascial pain
INFECTIOUS CAUSES
• Meningitis
• Osteomyelitis
• Infectious diskitis
NEOPLASMS
• Primary
• Metastatic
REFERRED PAIN
• Temporomandibular joint pain
• Cardiac pain
• Diaphragmatic irritation
• Gastrointestinal sources (gastric ulcer, gallbladder, pancreas)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.