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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Memory Loss Symptoms, Elderly Patients
• Age-related mild cognitive impairment
• Alzheimer’s disease
• B12 deficiency
• Cerebrovascular infarcts
• Chronic hypoxia
• Chronic renal failure
• Depression (pseudodementia)
• Frontotemporal dementia
• Hepatic disease
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroidism
• Lewy body dementia
• Medications (e.g., anticholinergics, sedatives)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Meningioma
• Metastatic disease from lymphoma or adenocarcinoma, inflammatory disease, or infections such as tuberculosis
• Ependymoma, lipoma, and metastases within the spinal cord
• Acoustic schwannoma (typically at the pontocerebellar junction)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bacterial Meningitis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Subdural empyema
• Seizures
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Partially treated bacterial meningitis
• Other infectious meningitides (e.g., viral or fungal meningitis)
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
• Medications
• Lyme disease
• Intracranial tumor
• Endocarditis, bacteremia
• Brain abscess
• Acute mononucleosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Meningitis 
• Tertiary syphilis
• TB
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cerebritis
• Sarcoidosis
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Multiple sclerosis
• Metabolic encephalopathies
• Granulomatous angiitis
• Fungal CNS infection
• Encephalitides
• CNS neoplasm
• Chronic subdural hematoma
• Behçet’s syndrome
• Anatomic defects (traumatic, congenital, postoperative)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Recurrent Meningitis 
• Tumor (epidermoid cyst, craniopharyngioma)
• SLE
• Posttraumatic (bacterial)
• Parameningeal focus
• Mollaret’s meningitis
• Infection (sinusitis, mastoiditis, osteomyelitis, brain abscess)
• Herpes simplex virus
• Drug induced (with rechallenge)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of leptospirosis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Seizures
• Rickettsial illnesses: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Migraine headache
• Medications
• Carcinomatous meningitis
• Acute mononucleosis/Epstein-Barr virus
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.