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KembaraXtra-Computer Science-Digital Circuits
1. Digital vs. Analog Circuits
1. Digital vs. Analog Circuits
- Analog Circuits: Deal with continuously varying signals (voltage, current, resistance) over a wide range of values. The circuits from the previous chapter are analog.
- Digital Circuits: Deal with signals that represent a limited number of states.
- This book focuses on binary digital circuits, meaning only two states are considered: 0 and 1.
- These states are typically represented by voltage levels.
- 0: Low voltage
- 1: High voltage
- Typical Voltage Levels:
- Low (0): ≈ 0V
- High (1): ≈ 5V, 3.3V, or 1.8V (varies by circuit design)
- Voltage Ranges (Practical Considerations):
- Digital circuits don't require precise voltage levels.
- Instead, a range of voltages is interpreted as high or low.
- Example (Nominal 5V circuit):
- 2V - 5V: Registers as HIGH (1)
- 0V - 0.8V: Registers as LOW (0)
- Voltages outside these ranges result in undefined behavior.
- Example (Nominal 5V circuit):
- Ground (GND): The lowest voltage in a digital circuit.
- All other voltages are positive relative to ground.
- Battery Powered Circuits: The negative terminal of the battery is considered ground.
- DC Power Supplies: The negative terminal or wire is considered ground.
- The following terms are often used interchangeably:
- Low Voltage (0): Low, LO, off, ground, GND, false, zero, 0
- High Voltage (1): High, HI, on, V+, true, one, 1
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