Pathology - Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) The Philadelphia chromosome t9;22 is linked to the formation of a hybrid gene ber-abl, which encodes a protein with tyrosine kinase activity. Most commonly observed in individuals of middle age. Study of th

Pathology - Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Down syndrome and exposure to ionizing radiation, benzene, and chemotherapy are considered risk factors. Study of the nature and causes of diseases. Linked to chromosomal translocations are M3-t(15;17) and M2-t(8:

Dermatology - Impetigo The primary causative agents of impetigo are Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococcus group A. Bullous impetigo occurs due to the localized synthesis of epidermolytic toxin by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. These mic

Dermatology - Primary syphilis Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is transferred through contact with the skin and mucous membranes, and can affect several organs in the body. Regional

Pathology - Iron Deficiency Anemia Cause or origin of a disease or condition. Chronic blood loss, typically resulting from gastrointestinal bleeding or menorrhagia; nutritional factors may also contribute. Insufficiency (infrequent); impaired absorpt

Pathology - Megaloblastic Anemia Etiology Vitamin B deficiency anemia, also known as pernicious anemia, can be caused by autoimmune gastritis, which leads to the inability to make intrinsic factor. Other causes include malabsorption due to dietary facto

Pathology - Hereditary Spherocytosis . Etiology An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a deficiency in a protein found in the membrane of red blood cells, typically spectrin or ankyrin. Pathology Peripheral blood smear: Spherocytes (eryth

Pathology - Thalassemias Etiology Thalassemias are caused by the deletion of one or more of the four genes that code for the alpha globin chain of hemoglobin in the body. This condition is known as alpha-thalassemias. ß-Thalassemias are caused by a po

Pathology - Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Anemia Causes and Distribution of Diseases This is a genetic condition that is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. It leads to a shortage of an enzyme called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogen

Pathology - Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) Resulting from a genetic alteration on the X chromosome. This leads to the incapacity of hematopoietic stem cells to generate a GPI surface protein, which plays a crucial role in interacting with comp