Dermatology - Pediculosis Capitis ( Lice Infestation)

Dermatology - Pediculosis Capitis ( Lice Infestation) 
Pediculosis capitis refers to an infestation of lice on the scalp.

Head lice infestations occur when these parasites consume blood from the scalp and neck and lay eggs, also known as nits, on the hair shafts.
Juvenile lice emerge from their eggs in around one week, progressing through various developmental phases, increasing in size, and reaching adulthood within another week. A single female has the capacity to deposit 50-150 eggs over a period of 16 days. Lice have a limited survival time outside of the scalp, typically lasting only a few hours. Transmission occurs through direct contact between individuals, specifically through the sharing of hats, caps, brushes, combs, fabric-covered seats, and pillows. The head louse does not transmit infectious diseases.


Pruritus is present on the posterior and lateral areas of the scalp. Occipital and/or cervical lymphadenopathy is linked to scratching and the development of secondary infection. After lice and nits are eliminated, certain individuals may display symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder or delusions of parasitosis.
Head lice can be detected through visual examination or by using microscopy techniques such as a hand lens or dermoscope. However, they are challenging to locate. The majority of patients have a population size of less than 10. Nits are round, grayish-white egg capsules that are securely attached to the hairs. They can range in quantity from just a few to thousands. In cases of current infestation, nits are located in close proximity to the scalp. However, in cases of long-standing infestation, nits can be found at a distance of 10-15 cm from the scalp.
Abnormalities
Papular urticaria on the neck might manifest as a result of immunological hypersensitivity or intolerance.
Additionally, secondary infection may arise, along with the occurrence of eczema, excoriation, and lichen simplex chronicus. Additionally, there is a possibility of developing a hypersensitive rash that resembles a viral exanthema.

The diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation and validated by the presence of lice. The presence of lice can resemble hair casts, which are remains of the inner root sheath. Additionally, hair lacquer, hair gels, dandruff (epidermal scales), piedra, and pruritus can also be caused by atopic dermatitis, impetigo, and lichen simplex chronicus.

Topical insecticide creams such as permethrin, malathion, pyrethrin, piperonyl, and butoxide are available.
Administer ivermectin orally at a dosage of 200 μg/kg.