​Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Severe Watery Diarrhea ( Vibrio Cholera)

​Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Severe Watery Diarrhea ( Vibrio Cholera) 
Severe  Watery  Diarrhea
Cholera outbreak caused by Vibrio Cholera  motile, gram-negative rod with a slight curvature.
Transmission occurs by fecal-oral spread and ingestion of tainted food or water. 
Africa, Asia, South and Central America, and the US Gulf Coast are examples of endemic regions. O1 and O139 are two pandemic strains that are known to cause severe illness. Numerous other strains result in minor illness.
Shellfish have the potential to harbor infections. To cause infection, a high inoculation dose (more than a billion organisms) is needed.

severe diarrhea that is watery and with mucus flecks (rice water stools), which quickly dehydrates the patient.
Symptoms
Pathophysiology V cholerae has four key virulence components including cholera toxin, mucinase, flagellum, and adhesins.
The mucus layer covering intestinal epithelial cells is penetrated more easily by the mucinase and flagella.
Diarrhea is brought on by the cholera toxin and is encouraged by adhesives. The structure and mechanism of this A-B toxin are comparable to those of the heat-labile enterotoxigenic E. coli toxin. A regulatory G protein is ADP-ribosylated by the A subunit, which constitutively activates host adenylate cyclase and increases cAMP.

Resupply of fluids and electrolytes is necessary to reverse severe dehydration and salt loss. Tetracycline, ampicillin, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and fluoroquinolones are examples of antibiotics that can decrease the duration of symptoms. Proper waste management, sanitation, and personal cleanliness are all part of prevention. There is a vaccination with a brief half-life.