​Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Tetanus ( Clostridium tetani)

​Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Tetanus ( Clostridium tetani) 
Tetanus is a condition caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. This bacterium is a type of Gram-positive anaerobic rod and has a distinctive look like a tennis racket due to its terminal spore.

Transmission typically occurs through deep puncture wounds, where spores from contaminated soil are introduced. Additional infections arise from infected wounds, extensive burns, and surgeries performed without proper sterilization.
Clostridium tetani is the etiological agent responsible for the occurrence of tetanus. 

Tetanus is defined by the presence of spastic paralysis, which is commonly observed as lockjaw, arching of the back, and spasms in the respiratory muscles.
 The primary component contributing to the severity of the disease is a potent neurotoxin known as tetanospasmin. The tetanospasmin toxin is transported to the central nervous system through retrograde axonal transport. The toxin functions as a protease, which hinders the attachment of inhibitory neurotransmitter vesicles at synapses. This leads to persistent firing and the occurrence of intense muscular spasms.

 Treatment entails the administration of supportive therapy and passive immunization through the use of antitoxin, in conjunction with the preventive measure of antibiotic administration, such as penicillin. Prevention entails the administration of toxoid by active immunization.