Pathology - Acute Airway Obstruction
Pathophysiology The most common cause of acute airway blockage is inadvertent intake of a foreign body. It is possible that the child in the vignette swallowed a toy and inhaled it into their airway. Because the right main stem bronchus follows the tracheal bifurcation in an almost straight downward path, ingested foreign materials tend to lodge in this bronchus. The SNS reactions of airway dilatation, decreased airway secretion, increased respiratory rate, and increased heart rate are brought on by acute blockage, which results in instantaneous impairment of both ventilation and oxygenation. The reason for central pallor is decreased oxygenation. The absence of breath sounds in the right lung fields is indicative of an obstruction of the right main stem bronchus, necessitating prompt removal of the foreign body. Obtundation may arise from hypercarbia in the event of a severe impairment in breathing. Along with physiologic decompensation, collapse of blocked lung tissue may occur, necessitating invasive procedures to restore lung expansion.
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