​Pathology - Acute and Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome

​Pathology - Acute and Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be caused by various factors such as lung infections, toxin inhalation, sepsis, trauma, pancreatitis, and shock. DIC stands for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a medical condition characterized by breathing difficulties in newborns. Prone to being affected by preterm and maternal diabetes. Caesarean section delivery is caused by a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant.
ARDS, or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, occurs when cytokines and endotoxin cause damage to the walls of the alveolar capillaries and alveoli. This damage results in increased permeability of blood vessels and a decrease in surfactant production. As a consequence, pulmonary edema and collapse of the alveoli occur. 

Study of the nature and causes of diseases. 
Unpleasant: Dense and crimson pulmonary organ. Under microscopic examination, there is evidence of intra-alveolar edema and inflammation accompanied by the presence of hyaline membranes. If the condition is not fatal, it can lead to the formation of long-lasting scars.
Surfactant insufficiency leads to elevated surface tension within the lung, which in turn causes the collapse of the alveoli. 
Gross: The lung is enlarged and its blood vessels are filled with blood, giving it a purple color. Minuscule.
Alveoli containing eosinophilic hyaline membranes.

Symptoms and signs 
ARDS is characterized by symptoms such as difficulty breathing (dyspnea), rapid breathing (tachypnea), and bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis). Imaging reveals the presence of diffuse infiltrates in both lungs on the chest X-ray. Additionally, there is a discrepancy observed on the ventilation-perfusion scan. Laboratory results: Hypoxia is defined as a condition when the ratio of arterial oxygen pressure (Pao) to the fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio) is less than 200.
NRDS: The newborn experiences difficulty breathing, rapid breathing, and bluish discoloration of the skin shortly after birth. If not fatal, potential consequences include abnormal development of the bronchopulmonary system. Personal Digital Assistant. Intraventricular brain hemorrhage. and the condition known as necrotizing enterocolitis

Therapeutic interventions 
ARDS should be managed by addressing the root cause and implementing mechanical ventilation with low-tidal volumes, supplementary oxygen, and positive end-expiratory pressure.
NRDS: Administer exogenous surfactant to infants born before 28 weeks of gestation; administer corticosteroids to the mother before to birth; take caution with oxygen therapy due to the potential danger of oxygen toxicity and damage caused by oxygen-free radicals.
The mortality rate of ARDS ranges from 30% to 60%.