Pathology - Acute Bacterial Pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia is mostly caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is responsible for 90%-95% of cases. The causative agents of bronchopneumonia include Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenza, Klebsiella, and Strentococcus pyogenes. Lobar pneumonia is characterized by the presence of intra-alveolar exudate, which causes consolidation of the affected area. This process occurs in four distinct stages. (1) Congestion: Severe accumulation of red fluid in the lungs, specifically in the tiny air sacs called alveoli; (2) Red hepatization: Presence of red blood cells, fibrin, and neutrophils within the alveoli; (3) Gray hepatization: Presence of fibrin and neutrophils within the alveoli. [4) resolution: The exudate within the alveoli is absorbed back into the body.] Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia that affects the bronchi, which are the air passages in the lungs. Otten exhibits bilateral and multilobar involvement, with neutrophil exudate extending from the bronchi and bronchioles into the adjacent alveoli. Symptoms include general discomfort, elevated body temperature, difficulty breathing, and a cough that produces mucus. The physical examination reveals the presence of bronchial breath sounds and rales upon auscultation, as well as a dullness to percussion over the afflicted parts of the lungs. Possible complications encompass abscess formation, empyema development, or sepsis occurrence. Imaging: A chest X-ray reveals a dense area in the lung indicating lobar pneumonia, or scattered areas of opacity suggesting bronchopneumonia. Treatment options include the administration of antibiotics and providing breathing support. Hospital-acquired pneumonias can result from the presence of gram-negative pathogens such as Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas, as well as gram-positive organisms such S aureus. These infections have the potential to be life-threatening.
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