​Pathology – Aplastic Anemia

​Pathology – Aplastic Anemia 
Aplastic anemia is a medical condition characterized by the failure of the bone marrow to produce an adequate amount of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The exact cause of aplastic anemia is not fully understood. 
The causes of idiopathic aplastic anemia include radiation exposure, benzene exposure, certain medications such as chloramphenicol and alkylating agents, as well as autoimmune malfunction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Additionally, viral infections such as Parvovirus B19, EBV, HIV, hepatitis C, and autoimmune illnesses including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can also contribute to the development of this condition.

Pathology 
The bone marrow exhibits hypocellularity, characterized by a decrease in the number of cells. Additionally, there is evidence of fatty alteration, but no presence of hematopoietic cells.
Peripheral blood smear reveals pancytopenia, characterized by a decrease in all types of blood cells, but with normal appearance and structure of the cells.

Medical Presentation 
The individual exhibits symptoms of anemia, including fatigue, malaise, and pallor. Additionally, they have neutropenia, which is characterized by infections, and thrombocytopenia, which is indicated by mucosal bleeding, purpura, or petechiae. There is no enlargement of the liver or spleen.

Therapy 
Transfusions will be given as necessary. G-CS or GM-CSF will be administered. An allogenic bone marrow transplant may be performed. The causative medicine will be stopped. Immunosuppression will be achieved with cyclosporine.