​Pathology - Asthma

​Pathology - Asthma 
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, resulting in difficulty breathing, wheezing, and coughing.</text

Extrinsic: Linked to type I hypersensitivity reaction, commonly observed in youngsters.
Intrinsic: Linked to chronic bronchitis, physical activity, or exposure to cold temperatures; typically observed in adults.

Pathophysiology: The bronchial airways become excessively sensitive, leading to the development of symptomatic bronchospasm.

The lungs exhibit an enlargement of the smooth muscle in the bronchial tubes, an increase in the number of glands in the sub-mucosal layer of the bronchi, and the presence of mucus plugs that contain Curshmann spirals and Charcot-Leyden crystals.

Symptoms and signs observed in a clinical setting. 
The patient presents with dyspnea, expiratory wheezing, cough, use of accessory muscles of breathing, and pulsus paradoxus.
Complications encompass status asthmaticus, which refers to a protracted episode of asthma.
Laboratory results: The symptoms observed in children include hypoxia, reduced FEV, decreased /FVC ratio, eosinophilia, and a positive metacholine challenge.

Therapeutic interventions 
For immediate relief, one can use inhaled Beta-adrenergic agonists like as albuterol. For long-term management, options include inhaled or systemic corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers like zileuton, cromolyn, or theophylline.