Pathology - Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Pathology - Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 
Resulting from elevated estradiol levels associated with aging.
Prevalent in males over 50 years old (impacts 90% of men by age 70).
​
Pathophysiology: Elevated estradiol levels stimulate the expression of receptors for DHT, resulting in prostate enlargement.
Prostate enlargement characterized by a rubbery, nodular growth in the periurethral and transurethral zones (middle and lateral lobes).
Microscopic: Both glandular and fibromuscular stromal components exhibit hyperplasia.

Manifests with frequent urination, nighttime urination, painful urination, and challenges initiating and stopping urine flow due to nodules compressing the urethra.
Complications may involve urinary blockage resulting in kidney failure, enlarged bladder, kidney swelling, ureter swelling, and urinary tract infections.
Laboratory results: Elevated total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels with a corresponding rise in the percentage of free PSA.

Treatment includes finasteride, a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor; tamsulosin, a 1 blocker; and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for severe instances.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common cause of urinary tract blockage in men and is not considered a condition that leads to cancer.