Pathology -Clostridium difficile Infection
Pathophysiology Acute diarrheal illness is a very prevalent condition with a wide range of both infectious and noninfectious causes. Increased intestinal fluid output, decreased fluid absorption, increased motility, and increased luminal osmolarity are common mechanisms of diarrhea. Viruses (such as noroviruses and rotaviruses), bacteria (such as Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Clostridium, Listeria, Vibrio, and E. coli), protozoa (such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba), and fungi are examples of common infectious agents. Infection with C. difficile is the most frequent cause of hospitalized patients' symptoms. Previous antibiotic treatment disturbs the healthy gut flora, which gives C. difficile a chance to colonize the colon. Toxins A and B, which are produced by this gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus, harm the colonic epithelium and result in colitis and the development of gray pseudomembranes. The gold standard for diagnosis is the C. difficile cytotoxin stool sample assay. Vancomycin or metronidazole can be used to treat this illness. Although the clinical course varies, severe cases may lead to a toxic megacolon that is potentially fatal.
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