Pathology - Cretinism and Myxedema
Cretinism is a kind of hypothyroidism that occurs during infancy. It can be caused by iodine insufficiency, congenital thyroid malformation, or a loss of enzymes responsible for synthesizing thyroid hormones. Myxedema is a condition of hypothyroidism that typically affects middle-aged women. It can be caused by factors such as iodine shortage or surgical/radiation damage to the thyroid gland. Thyroid: Moderate gland hypertrophy. Soft tissues show an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid. Cretinism is characterized by symptoms of hypothyroidism, which include delayed development of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems leading to low stature, bloated abdomen, and mental retardation. Other common features are goiter, edematous face, and a big tongue. Myxedema is a condition characterized by symptoms of hypothyroidism, including goiter, thickening of facial features, periorbital edema, pale skin. In extreme cases, myxedema coma can occur, leading to hypotension, bradycardia, hypothermia, and respiratory depression. Therapy: Synthetic levothyroxine. Cretinism has become less common due to the widespread inclusion of iodine to diets and screening of neonates for hypothyroidism.
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