Pathology - GERD, or gastroesophageal reflux disease

Pathology - GERD, or gastroesophageal reflux disease
Pathophysiology 
 Acid reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent illness affecting adults that causes stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus. The degree of discomfort and the degree of damage to the esophagus mucosa vary greatly in severity. The lower esophageal sphincter's smooth muscle malfunction is the pathophysiologic mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The majority of the time, incorrect, momentary relaxations happen, but persistently low sphincter pressure (<15 mm Hg) is linked to severe GERD. Sphincter relaxation is made worse by some foods, including as chocolate, alcohol, caffeine, and peppermint. Large meals, acidic drinks, and lying down just after eating all contribute to the occurrence, which is also higher in smokers and people who are overweight.

PPIs are nearly usually effective in treating uncomplicated GERD, as this patient's did.
Constant acid reflux raises the risk of esophageal ulcers, strictures, and cancer in addition to causing esophagitis. Chronic GERD leads to Barrett's esophagus, which is characterized by a metaplastic alteration of the normal stratified squamous epithelial lining of the esophagus, the development of a columnar epithelium, and an elevated risk of future cancer.