​Pathology - Hepatocellular Carcinoma

​Pathology - Hepatocellular Carcinoma 
Etiology 
Alcoholic cirrhosis, HBV, HCV, hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, and hepatic carcinogens such as aflatoxin B1 are also considered risk factors.

Pathology 
Gross: May present as a single mass, numerous masses, or infiltrative carcinoma; exhibiting a pale and green hue. 

Macroscopic: Tumors vary in appearance from structures mimicking hepatic tissue to aggressive masses; can infiltrate portal veins or IVC.
Typically disseminated by the bloodstream.Frequently to the lungs. vertebrae. adrenal or cerebral


Symptoms include fever, jaundice, weight loss, worsening hepatomegaly, worsening or bloody ascites, and cirrhotic symptoms.
Laboratory results: High levels of AFP, increased white blood cell count, low red blood cell count, rapid rise in ALP

Therapy 
Options include surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiation, and liver transplant.
Death frequently happens within 10 months of being diagnosed.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most prevalent primary cancerous tumor in the liver among adults. Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor that originates from the biliary ducts within the liver. It is linked to clonorchis sinensis infestation and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Liver adenomas are associated with the usage of oral contraceptives and can lead to intraperitoneal hemorrhage. 
Liver angiosarcomas are associated with exposure to polyvinyl chloride (Thorotrast).