​Pathology - Idiopathic and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

​Pathology - Idiopathic and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a condition where platelets are coated with antiplatelet IgG antibodies, causing them to be engulfed by macrophages in the spleen. May be linked to autoimmune disorders.
The individual is affected by either HIV infection or lymphoproliferative diseases. Manifests in pediatric patients as a transient and restricted response to viral infection. Alternatively, it might manifest in adulthood as a persistent condition.
The etiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is currently unknown, however viral infection (such as HIV), medications, and autoimmune illnesses have been suggested as potential causes. Has been associated with the acquired inhibitor of vWF-cleaving protease.Most commonly observed in women aged 20-50.

Study of the nature and causes of diseases. 
ITP: Bone marrow may exhibit sporadic elevation of megakaryocytes. The examination of the blood sample reveals a condition called thrombocytopenia, characterized by a low platelet count. Additionally, the platelets appear to be slightly larger than normal.
TTP: Prevalent hyaline microthrombi present in the microvasculature without any signs of inflammation;
Peripheral blood smear reveals a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), fragmented red blood cells (schistocytes), and an increased number of immature red blood cells (reticulocytosis).

Symptoms and signs 
Initial presentation: Bleeding from the mucous membranes; nosebleeds; small red or purple spots on the skin; absence of an enlarged spleen. Laboratory results indicate a reduction in platelet count, presence of antiplatelet antibodies, and an increase in bleeding time.
TTP presents with neurologic impairments, fever, renal failure, petechia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Laboratory results indicate a drop in platelets, an increase in LDH and indirect bilirubin levels, azotemia, a decrease in the activity of vWF-cleaving protease inhibitor (ADAMTS13), an increased bleeding time, and a decrease in hematocrit (Hct).

Treatment for ITP includes the use of Prednisone, intravenous immune globulin, and splenectomy.
TTP treatment options include plasmapheresis, splenectomy, or the use of immunosuppressive medications for severe instances.