Pathology - Tuberculosis
Pathogenesis Under this scenario, airborne droplets from another person who has active tuberculosis can spread the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most of the time (85%), the inhaled organism multiplies in the alveoli, leading to pulmonary infection. The bacteria can travel to distant locations, such as other organs and the central nervous system (CNS), through the consumption of macrophages and lymphatic fluid. As in this instance, pulmonary tuberculosis can present as a primary infection. On the other hand, the illness may go dormant and asymptomatic before being "reactivated" a few years later. Granulomas, which restrict the growth of organisms, are formed when activated T cells and macrophages accumulate as a result of the cell-mediated immune response. The core necrosis caused by the destruction of macrophages within the granuloma is characterized by a microscopic appearance that has been likened to "caseating" or "cheese-like." Calcification and granuloma fibrosis may result from intact immunity. Granulomas develop into primary TB in people with less effective immunity. It is typical to present with weight loss, bloody cough or sputum, and inadvertent weight loss. Compared to the normal population, populations of prisoners or migrants are more vulnerable.
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