Pathology - Urolithiasis ( kidney stones)
Calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate stones make up 80%-85% of cases. Conditions causing elevated levels of calcium in the blood include hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D toxicity, and sarcoidosis. Struvite stones (10%) are caused by urease-positive bacteria such as Proteus vulgaris. Uric acid stones (5%): Associated with conditions characterized by elevated cell proliferation and turnover, such as leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases, or hyperuricemia. Cystine stones are caused by cystinuria, a genetic condition that impairs the reabsorption of cystine. Pathology: Kidney stones found in renal calyces, pelvis, or bladder. Urolithiasis can lead to further pathological disorders such renal colic (painful swelling of the ureter), hydronephrosis, and pyelonephritis. Symptoms and signs Flank pain extending to the groin and presence of blood in the urine. Imaging: Calcium stones and struvite stones are visible on X-rays, while uric acid and cystine stones are not visible on X-rays. Complications may involve the reappearance of calcium stones and a higher occurrence of UTIs caused by struvite. Therapies Many stones can be naturally passed with increased fluid intake and pain management. In other situations, surgery or lithotripsy may be required. Hydrochlorothiazide can be considered for recurring calcium stones, whereas allopurinol with alkaline diuresis may be helpful for uric acid stones. Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces. Urinary outflow obstruction causes this condition, which is linked to gradual kidney atrophy if not treated.
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