​Pharmacology - Insulin

​Pharmacology - Insulin 
An Action of Insulin 
Encourages the intake of glucose, amino acids, and lipids by the tissue as well as their storage. Reduces blood glucose levels dramatically.
Inhibits the glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis processes in the liver. Enhances the production of glycogen in the liver and muscles.
Protects against lipolysis. Protein synthesis is stimulated by this. There are longer-term effects on both growth and gene expression.

Method of Operation 
This causes the receptor to undergo autophosphorylation when it binds to its receptor, which is of the tyrosine kinase type.
The subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of 'insulin receptor substrates' results in the activation of SH2 domain proteins, which are responsible for regulating the activity of a variety of intracellular enzymes and glucose transporters that are located on the cell membrane.

Because the half-life of free insulin in the circulation is only ten minutes, slow-release formulations are required for use on a consistent basis. In the event when s.c. or i.v. Insulin lispro, insulin aspart, and soluble (regular) insulin are examples of short-acting insulin that lasts for three to five hours.
Isophane insulin has an intermediate-acting duration of 10–12 hours. Insulin zinc suspension (crystalline) and insulin glargine are both examples of long-acting (20-hour) insulin.
It is preferable to use recombinant human insulin rather than animal insulins, which can lead to the production of antibodies.
Use in Clinical Settings 
management of type 1 diabetes throughout one's entire life. Additionally, for type 2 diabetes that is not under control with oral hypoglycemic medications. In addition, soluble insulin can be administered intravenously for acute therapy of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Side Effects
Hypoglycemia can be treated by administering glucose intravenously (if the patient is conscious) or glucagon intramuscularly (if the patient is unconscious). Put on some weight.