​Pharmacology - Propranolol

​Pharmacology - Propranolol 
In the field of pharmacology, propranolol is an antidysrhythmic agent. Also known as an antianginal and antihypertensive. Catecholamines' effects on beta-adrenoceptors are inhibited by this substance.

Mode of Action 
inhibits sympathetic drive, which in turn decreases pacemaker activity (phase 4) and lengthens the time it takes for AV conduction to occur.
It has the effect of reducing the sluggish inward Ca2+ current, which is responsible for phase 2 of the action potential. As a further class I action, propranolol is considered. Atenolol and esmolol are both beta-1 selective medications.

T0.5 seconds: propranolol for four hours, atenolol for six hours, and esmolol for ten minutes.

Use in Clinical Settings 
There is a reduction in mortality following an infarct (in cases when dysrhythmias originate from sympathetic input). Atrial fibrillation with paroxysmal onset. As a result of its short T0.5, esmolol can be administered intravenously (IV) for the treatment of supraventricular dysrhythmias in cases of emergency.

Adverse Effects 
In patients with asthma, bronchoconstriction is observed. a slowing of the heartbeat, with the possibility of heart block. Among the central nervous system effects of propranolol are drowsiness, depression, and sleep problems.