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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vocal Cord Paralysis
• Cardiac surgery
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
• CNS abnormalities: hydrocephalus, Arnold-Chiari malformation, meningomyelocele
• Idiopathic
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Neck surgery (parathyroid, thyroid, carotid endarterectomy, cervical spine)
• Neoplasm: primary or metastatic (e.g., lung, thyroid, parathyroid, mediastinum)
• Parkinsonism
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Toxic neuropathy
• Trauma (intubation, penetrating neck injury)
• Viral, bacterial, or fungal infection
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Volume Depletion
• Gastrointestinal losses
• Lower: bleeding, diarrhea, enteric or pancreatic fistula, tubedrainage
• Renal losses
• Salt and water: diuretics, osmotic diuresis, postobstructive diuresis, acute tubular necrosis (recovery phase), salt-losing nephropathy, adrenal insufficiency, renal tubular acidosis
• Sequestration without external fluid loss: intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, pancreatitis, rhabdomyolysis, internal bleeding
• Skin and respiratory losses: sweat, burns, insensible losses
• Upper: bleeding, nasogastric suction, vomiting
• Water loss: diabetes insipidus
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Volume Excess
PRIMARY RENAL SODIUM RETENTION (INCREASED
EFFECTIVE CIRCULATING VOLUME)
• Renal failure, nephritic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis
• Primary hyperaldosteronism
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Liver disease
SECONDARY RENAL SODIUM RETENTION (DECREASED
EFFECTIVE CIRCULATING VOLUME)
• Heart failure
• Liver disease
• Nephrotic syndrome (minimal change disease)
• Pregnancy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vomiting
• Appendicitis
• Biliary colic
• Boerhaave’s syndrome
• Bulimia, anorexia nervosa
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• CNS disturbances: trauma, hemorrhage, infarction, neoplasm, infection, hypertensive encephalopathy, migraine
• Diabetic gastroparesis
• Drugs: morphine, digitalis, cytotoxic agents, bromocriptine
• GI disturbances
• Increased intracranial pressure
• Infections: viral or bacterial enteritis, viral hepatitis, food poisoning, gastroenteritis
• Metabolic disorders: uremia, acidosis/alkalosis, hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), thyrotoxicosis
• Motion sickness
• Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum
• Obstruction: esophageal, pyloric, intestinal
• Other: gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), inflammatorybowel disease (IBD), GI tract neoplasms
• Pancreatitis
• Perforated bowel
• Peritonitis
• Psychogenic: emotional disturbances, offensive sights or smells
• Pyelonephritis
• Radiation sickness
• Reye’s syndrome
• Severe coughing
• Severe pain: myocardial infarction (MI), renal colic
• Trauma: blows to the testicles, epigastrium
• Vertigo
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vulvar Lesions
RED LESION
Infection/Infestation
• Fungal infection: Candida, tinea cruris, intertrigo, pityriasis versicolor
• Sarcoptes scabiei
• Erythrasma: Corynebacterium minutissimum
• Granuloma inguinale: Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
• Folliculitis: Staphylococcus aureus
• Hidradenitis suppurativa
• Behçet’s syndrome
Inflammation
• Reactive vulvitis
• Chemical irritation: detergent, dyes, perfume, spermicide,
lubricants, hygiene sprays, podophyllum, topical 5-fluorouracil,
saliva, gentian violet, semen
• Mechanical trauma: scratching
• Vestibular adenitis
• Essential vulvodynia
• Psoriasis
• Seborrheic dermatitis
Neoplasm
• Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ
• Vulvar dystrophy
• Bowen’s disease
• Invasive cancer: squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, sarcoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, Paget’s disease, undifferentiated
WHITE LESION
• Vulvar dystrophy: lichen sclerosus, vulvar dystrophy, vulvar hyperplasia, mixed dystrophy
• VIN
• Vitiligo
• Partial albinism
• Intertrigo
• Radiation treatment
DARK LESION
• Lentigo
• Nevi (mole)
• Neoplasm (vulvar)
• Reactive hyperpigmentation
• Seborrheic keratosis
• Pubic lice
ULCERATIVE LESION
Infection
• Herpes simplex
• Vaccinia
• Treponema pallidum
• Granuloma inguinale
• Pyoderma
• Tuberculosis
Noninfectious
• Behçet’s syndrome
• Crohn’s disease
• Pemphigus
• Pemphigoid
• Hidradenitis suppurativa
Neoplasm
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Vulvar tumor <1 cm: condyloma acuminatum, molluscum contagiosum, epidermal inclusion, vestibular cyst, mesonephric duct, VIN, hemangioma, hidradenoma, neurofibroma, syringoma, accessory breast tissue, acrochordon, endometriosis, Fox-Fordyce
disease, pilonidal sinus
• Vulvar tumor >1 cm: Bartholin’s cyst or abscess, lymphogranuloma venereum, fibroma, lipoma, verrucous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, hernia, edema, hematoma, acrochordon, epidermal cysts, neurofibromatosis, accessory breast tissue
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.