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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Groin Lump
• Encysted hydrocele of the cord (male)
• Femoral artery aneurysm/pseudoaneurysm
• Femoral hernia
• Hydrocele of canal of Nuck (female)
• Inguinal hernia
• Lipoma of the cord
• Lymph node
• Psoas abscess
• Saphena varix
• Testicular maldescent (male)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Groin Pain, Active Patient
MUSCULOSKELETAL
• Avascular necrosis of the femoral head
• Avulsion fracture (lesser trochanter, anterior superior iliac spine,
anterior inferior iliac spine)
• Bursitis (iliopectineal, trochanteric)
• Entrapment of the ilioinguinal or iliofemoral nerve
• Gracilis syndrome
• Muscle tear (adductors, iliopsoas, rectus abdominis, gracilis,
sartorius, rectus femoris)
• Myositis ossificans of the hip muscles
• Osteitis pubis
• Osteoarthritis of the femoral head
• Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
• Stress fracture of the femoral head or neck and pubis
• Synovitis
HERNIA RELATED
• Avulsion of the internal oblique muscle in the conjoined tendon
• Defect at the insertion of the rectus abdominis muscle
• Direct inguinal hernia
• Femoral ring hernia
• Indirect inguinal hernia
• Inguinal canal weakness
UROLOGIC
• Epididymitis
• Fracture of the testis
• Hydrocele
• Kidney stone
• Posterior urethritis
• Prostatitis
• Testicular cancer
• Torsion of the testis
• Urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Varicocele
GYNECOLOGIC
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Ovarian cyst
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Torsion of the ovary
• Vaginitis
LYMPHATIC ENLARGEMENT IN GROIN
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome
• Acute CNS disorders such as basilar artery thrombosis with brainstem infarction, brainstem encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, or spinal cord compression
• Hysterical paralysis or malingering
• Metabolic derangements such as hypermagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia
• Myopathies such as polymyositis, acute necrotizing myopathies caused by drugs
• Neuromuscular junction disorders: myasthenia gravis, botulism, snake envenomations
• Nontoxic peripheral neuropathies: acute intermittent porphyria, vasculitic polyneuropathy, infectious (poliomyelitis, diphtheria, Lyme disease), tick paralysis
• Toxic peripheral neuropathies: heavy metal poisoning (lead, thallium, arsenic), medications (vincristine, disulfiram), organophosphate poisoning, hexacarbon (glue sniffer’s neuropathy)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gynecomastia
• Adrenal disease
• Defects in androgen synthesis
• Drugs (estrogen and estrogen precursors, digitalis, testosterone and exogenous androgens, clomiphene, cimetidine, spironolactone, ketoconazole, amiodarone, angiotensin-converting
• Increased estrogen production (human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG]–producing tumor, testicular tumor, bronchogenic carcinoma)
• Increased prolactin level (prolactinoma)
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
• Liver disease
• Physiologic (puberty, newborns, aging)
• Primary gonadal failure (trauma, castration, viral orchitis, granulomatous disease)
• Secondary hypogonadism
• Testosterone deficiency
• Thyrotoxicosis
enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, isoniazid, phenytoin, methyldopa, metoclopramide, phenothiazine)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Halitosis
• Alcohol use
• Disease of mouth or nose (infections, cancer, inflammation)
• Dry mouth (mouth breathing, inadequate fluid intake)
• Foods (onion, garlic, meats, nuts)
• GI disorders (esophageal diverticula, hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux disease [GERD], achalasia)
• Medications (antihistamines, antidepressants)
• Pulmonary disorders (bronchiectasis, pneumonia, neoplasms, TB)
• Sinusitis
• Systemic disorders (diabetes, uremia)
• Tobacco use
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hand Pain and Swelling
• Trauma
• Gout
• Pseudogout
• Cellulitis
• Lymphangitis
• Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of upper extremity
• Thrombophlebitis
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Remitting seronegative symmetric synovitis with pitting edema
• Polymyalgia rheumatica
• Mixed connective tissue disease
• Scleroderma
• Rupture of the olecranon bursa
• Medsger’s syndrome (neoplasia)
• The puffy hand of drug addiction
• Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
• Eosinophilic fasciitis
• Sickle cell (hand-foot syndrome)
• Leprosy
• Factitial (the rubber band syndrome)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Headache
• Cerebral aneurysm, arteriovenous malformations
• Cerebral hemorrhage/infarct
• Cerebral neoplasm
• Dental problems: abscess, periodontitis, poorly fitting dentures
• Drugs: alcohol, nitrates, histamine antagonists
• Effort induced: benign exertional headache, cough headache, coital cephalalgia
• Emotional, psychiatric
• Glaucoma and other eye diseases
• Infections: meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess, sepsis, sinusitis, osteomyelitis, parotitis, mastoiditis
• Metabolic: uremia, carbon monoxide inhalation, hypoxia
• Musculoskeletal: neck and shoulder muscle contraction, strain of extraocular or intraocular muscles, cervical spondylosis, temporomandibular arthritis
• Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)
• Otitis and other ear diseases
• Paget’s disease of the skull
• Pheochromocytoma, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism
• Post lumbar puncture
• Post trauma
• Pseudotumor cerebri
• Subdural hematoma
• Trigeminal neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia
• Vascular: migraine, cluster headaches, temporal arteritis, hypertension, cavernous sinus thrombosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• Cancer of esophagus
• Esophageal spasm (nutcracker esophagus)
• Esophagitis (from infections such as herpes, Candida), medication induced (doxycycline, potassium chloride)
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Unstable angina
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.