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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dementia
Alzheimer's disease
Degenerative: Parkinson's and other akinetic-rigid syndromes, Pick's disease, prion disease, Lewy body dementia
Dementia continued
Infection: HIV, syphilis, Whipple's disease
Inflammation: vasculitis, SLE, sarcoid, multiple sclerosis
Inherited: Wilson's disease, Huntington's chorea, some cerebellar ataxias
Metabolic: myxoedema, vitamin B12 deficiency, hypoglycaemia (repeated)
Toxic: alcohol, lead, barbiturates
Trauma: head injury, subdural haemarrohage
Tumour: frontal tumours, posterior fossa (causing hydrocephalus), brain metastases, paraneoplastic
Vascular: multiple infarctions
Alzheimer's disease
Degenerative: Parkinson's and other akinetic-rigid syndromes, Pick's disease, prion disease, Lewy body dementia
Dementia continued
Infection: HIV, syphilis, Whipple's disease
Inflammation: vasculitis, SLE, sarcoid, multiple sclerosis
Inherited: Wilson's disease, Huntington's chorea, some cerebellar ataxias
Metabolic: myxoedema, vitamin B12 deficiency, hypoglycaemia (repeated)
Toxic: alcohol, lead, barbiturates
Trauma: head injury, subdural haemarrohage
Tumour: frontal tumours, posterior fossa (causing hydrocephalus), brain metastases, paraneoplastic
Vascular: multiple infarctions
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Desquamating rash
Drug reaction
Kawasaki's disease
Scarlet fever
Toxic shock syndrome
Drug reaction
Kawasaki's disease
Scarlet fever
Toxic shock syndrome
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhoea
Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis, diabetes mellitus (autonomic neuropathy), VIPomas (Verner-Morrison syndrome)
Infection: Viral (rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, small round structured virus), Camylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica,
Inflammatory bowel disease
Malabsorption: small intestine disease/resection
Medication: laxatives, antibiotics
Overflow diarrhoea: secondary to constipation
Parasites (Cryptosporidia, Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica), AIDS (AIDS enteropathy, Cryptosporidia, Microsporidia, CMV)
Staphylococcus .aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus,
Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis, diabetes mellitus (autonomic neuropathy), VIPomas (Verner-Morrison syndrome)
Infection: Viral (rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, small round structured virus), Camylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica,
Inflammatory bowel disease
Malabsorption: small intestine disease/resection
Medication: laxatives, antibiotics
Overflow diarrhoea: secondary to constipation
Parasites (Cryptosporidia, Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica), AIDS (AIDS enteropathy, Cryptosporidia, Microsporidia, CMV)
Staphylococcus .aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus,
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bloody diarrhoea
Diverticulitis
Infective colitis: Campylobacter, Haemorrhagic E. coli, Entamoeba histolytica,
Inflammatory bowel disease
lschaemic colitis
Malignancy
Salmonella, Shigella, (CMV in the immunocompromised)
Diverticulitis
Infective colitis: Campylobacter, Haemorrhagic E. coli, Entamoeba histolytica,
Inflammatory bowel disease
lschaemic colitis
Malignancy
Salmonella, Shigella, (CMV in the immunocompromised)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Digital gangrene
Emboli
Inadvertent intra-arterial injection in IV drug users
Peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, Buerger's disease
Subclavian artery compression (e.g. cervical rib)
Vasculitis, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis nodosa, cryoglobulinaemia
Vasospasm: Raynaud's phenomenon
Emboli
Inadvertent intra-arterial injection in IV drug users
Peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, Buerger's disease
Subclavian artery compression (e.g. cervical rib)
Vasculitis, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis nodosa, cryoglobulinaemia
Vasospasm: Raynaud's phenomenon
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dimorphic blood film
Liver disease
Mixed iron and B12'folate deficiency
Partially treat iron deficiency
Post-gastrectomy
Post-transfusion
Sideroblastic anaemia
Liver disease
Mixed iron and B12'folate deficiency
Partially treat iron deficiency
Post-gastrectomy
Post-transfusion
Sideroblastic anaemia
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Diplopia
Monocular
Originates from cornea or lens, e.g. cataract
Binocular
Cranial nerve palsies (111, IV, VI)
Monocular
Originates from cornea or lens, e.g. cataract
Binocular
Cranial nerve palsies (111, IV, VI)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysarthria
Defective co-ordination between the nerves: internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Extra-ocular muscle disease (dysthyroid eye disease, myasthenia gravis, ocular
myopathy, ocular myositis)
Orbital fracture
Defective co-ordination between the nerves: internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Extra-ocular muscle disease (dysthyroid eye disease, myasthenia gravis, ocular
myopathy, ocular myositis)
Orbital fracture
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Corneal ulcer
(Infections may follow corneal abrasion, contact lens wear or topical steroids)
Acanthamoeba
Bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus/epidermidis, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus, coliforms)
Fungal
Viral (herpes simplex, herpes zoster)
(Infections may follow corneal abrasion, contact lens wear or topical steroids)
Acanthamoeba
Bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus/epidermidis, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus, coliforms)
Fungal
Viral (herpes simplex, herpes zoster)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Cottonwool spots
Diabetes (pre-proliferative retinopathy)
Haematological disorders: anaemia, leukaemia, hyperviscosity states
HIV retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
Papilloedema
Retinal vein occlusion
SLE, polyarteritis nodosa, dermatomyositis
Diabetes (pre-proliferative retinopathy)
Haematological disorders: anaemia, leukaemia, hyperviscosity states
HIV retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
Papilloedema
Retinal vein occlusion
SLE, polyarteritis nodosa, dermatomyositis
