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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Portal hypertension
Prehepatic: portal/splenic vein thrombosis
Hepatic: cirrhosis, granulomata, schistosomiasis
Posthepatic: Budd-Chiari syndrome (hepatic vein thrombosis), congestive cardiac
failure, constrictive pericarditis



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pleural effusion
Exudate
Pulmonary infarction
Post-Ml
Pancreatitis (acute)
Malignancy: bronchial carcinoma, mesothelioma
Inflammation/connective tissue disease, e.g. SLE, sarcoidosis
Infection: TB, bacterial pneumonia


Transudate
Meigs' syndrome
Hypothyroidism
Hypoproteinaemia
Constrictive pericarditis
Cardiac failure


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diaignosis of Polyarthralgia
Infection: disseminated septic arthritis (e.g. staphylococcal, gonococcal}, viral
(e.g. enteroviruses, EBV, HIV, Hepatitis B, mumps, rubella}, rheumatic fever,
Lyme disease, TB
Gout/pseudogout
Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis (generalized)
Seronegative arthritis: (Reactive/Reiter's, Enteropathic (Whipple's, IBD),
Ankylosing spondylitis, Psoriatic arthritis)
Systemic diseases: SLE, sarcoid, Sjogren's, Beh~et's, primary vasculitides,
polymyalgia rheumatica
Polyuria 81
Other: haemochromatosis, sickle cell, malignancy (hypertrophic pulmonary
osteoa rth ro pathy)



Migratory polyarthralgia
Gonococcal arthritis
Rheumatic fever


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Polycythaemia
Relative polycythaemia: dehydration (e.g. alcohol, diuretics), Gaisbock'ssyndrome
True polycythaemia:
1 °: Polycythaemia rubra vera
2°: Appropriate j in erythropoietin: chronic hypoxia, e.g. high altitude,
chronic lung disease, cyanotic heart disease. Inappropriate j in
erythropoietin, e.g. renal cell carcinoma/cysts, hepatoma, cerebellar
haemangioblastoma, fibroids



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Polyneuropathy
Infection: HIV, Lyme disease, leprosy, diphtheria
Inflammation: Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating
neuropathy, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, SLE, vasculitides (e.g.
polyarteritis nodosa)
Tumours: paraneoplastic, paraproteinaemia
Toxic: alcohol, heavy metals (e.g. lead), insecticides, drugs (cisplatinum,
vincristine, amiodarone, metronidazole, phenytoin, isoniazid, nitrofurantoin,
gold)
Metabolic: diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, B12/thiamine deficiency,
amyloidosis, uraemia
Hereditary: e.g. abetalipoproteinaemia, porphyria, Charcot-Marie-Tooth
syndrome, Refsum's syndrome, lysosomal storage diseases, e.g. Fabry's disease,
Niemann-Pick disease


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Polyuria
Diabetes mellitus (uncontrolled)
Diabetes insipidus:
Central: tumour, trauma/surgery, infiltration (e.g. TB, sarcoid, histiocytosis X,
lymphocytic hypophysitis, DIDMOAD*)
Nephrogenic: hypercalcaemia, hypokalaemia, Lithium, X-linked)
Diuretics
Diuretic phase of acute renal failure, chronic renal failure
Post-obstructive diuresis
Psychogenic polydipsia



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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.