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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Palpitations
Fever, exercise, anaemia, pregnancy
Drugs (caffeine, nicotine, salbutamol, anticholinergics, vasodilators, cocaine)
Cardiac: any arrhythmia* (e.g. AF, extrasystoles, SVT, VT), pacemaker, valvular disease, cardiac shunts, cardiomyopathy, atrial myxoma
Endocrine: hyperthyroidism, phaeochromocytomas, hypoglycaemia, mastocytosis
Psychiatric: panic attacks, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, somatization


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pancytopenia
SLE, sepsis, hypersplenism, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH)
Radiation
Myeloma
Myelofibrosis
Metastasis
Megaloblastic anaemia
Marrow infiltration
Lymphoma
Leukaemia (acute)
Infection: HIV, viral hepatitis, measles
Idiopathic
Drugs: chloramphenicol, cytotoxics, gold
Congenital: Fanconi's
Chemicals: benzene, insecticides
Aplastic anaemia



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Painful red eye
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Anterior uveitis
Corneal ulcer/bacterial keratitis
Scleritis
301)
Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pallor
Alcoholism
Anaemia
Chronic leukaemia
Endocrine: hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism
Liver disease
Other: albinism, vitiligo (widespread), phenylketonuria
Palmar erythema
Pregnancy
Racial, familial
Rheumatoid arthritis
Shock
Syncope
Thyrotoxicosis


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Palmoplantar rash
Sign of graft-versus-host disease
Secondary syphilis
Reiter's syndrome (keratoderma blenorrhagica)
Pompholyx eczema
Palmoplantar pustulosis (may be associated with synovitis, acne, hyperostosis and osteitis in SAPHO syndrome)
Palmar erythema
Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis)
Erythema multiforme


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oxygen saturation, sources of errors
Abnormal haemoglobins: carboxyhaemoglobin, methaemoglobin
Hypoperfusion (e.g. shock)
Improper probe placement
Intensive ambient light
Motion artifact
MRI
Nail polish
Skin pigmentation
Venous congestion/pulsations: e.g. tricuspid valve incompetence


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Blurred Optic Disc
Paplloedema:
benign intracranial hypertension, hydrocephalus, cerebral oedema
Hypercapnia
Hypervitaminosis A
Hypoparathyroidism
Lead poisoning
Malignant hypertension
Oxygen saturation, sources of errors
Papillitis (demyelination)
Raised lntracranial pressure: Haemorrhage (extradural, subdural, subarachnoid, intracerebral), head injury. Meningitis/encephalitis, tumours, abscesses,
Retinal vein thrombosis, venous sinus thrombosis


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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.