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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Anosmia
Congenital: Kallmann's syndrome (anosmia and GnRH deficiency), cleft palate
Nasal congestion (rhinitis), nasal polyps 
Neurological: tumours on the floor of the anterior fossa (e.g. meningioma), head
trauma, neurodegenerative diseases
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Aortic regurgitation
Aorta and valve ring dilatation: aortic dissection, aortitis (e.g. syphilis), arthritides (rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative arthritides, e.g. ankylosing spondylitis,
Others: Marfan's syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, inflammatory bowel disease
Reiter's syndrome), HBP
Valve leaflet damage/abnormalities: infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, trauma, bicuspid aortic valve
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Apex beat
Heaving (pressure loaded)
Aortic stenosis (See Aortic stenosis)
Systemic hypertension

Thrusting (volume loaded)
Mitral regurgitation 
Aortic regurgitation 

Tapping
Apex beat not palpated
COPD
Dextrocardia
L-sided pleural effusion
L-sided pneumothorax
Large pericardial Effusion
Mitral stenosis 
Obesity, muscular chest wall
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Arm pain
Trauma, strain injury
Arthritis (See Monoarthralgia)
Neurological: cervical spinal cord compression (prolapsed disc, cervical spondylosis, tumours)
Brachia! plexus involvement: apical lung cancer, cervical rib
Peripheral neuropathies
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Vascular: subclavian artery stenosis, arterial/venous thrombosis, embolism
Bone: tumours (primary, secondary: lung, breast, prostate, kidney, thyroid)
Referred cardiac pain
See also Shoulder pain
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Raised in Amylase
Acute abdomen: peptic ulcer, perforation, intestinal obstruction, ruptured
Diabetic ketoacidosis
ectopic pregnancy
Macroamylasaemia: amylase is complexed with another protein, e.g. immunoglobulin and its renal clearance is reduce
Morphine (spasm of sphincter of Oddi)
Pancreatitis (acute)
Renal failure
Salivary gland disorders: calculi, mumps
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  ANA
Normal population (S-8%)
Other diseases: chronic active hepatitis, diabetes, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia, myasthenia gravis
Polyarteritis nodosa (20%)
Polymyositis (40%)
Rheumatoid arthritis (60%)
Sjogren's syndrome (80%)
SLE (9S%), drug-induced lupus (100%)
Systemic sclerosis (90%)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.