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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO}
Infection: abscesses (subphrenic, liver, pelvis)
Bacterial: infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, UTI, biliary infection TB, brucellosis, viral infections (HIV, CMV, EBV), malaria
lnflammation/CTD: rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, sarcoidosis, vasculitides, polymyalgia rheumatica
Malignancy: lymphomas, leukaemia, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma
Drugs: e.g. sulphonamides, isoniazid, aspirin
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), familial periodic fever (FPF)


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sterile Pyuria
TB, inadequately treated UTI, UTI with fastidious culture requirement Bladder: tumour, chemical cystitis (e.g. cytotoxics)
Calculi
Renal papillary necrosis (e.g. analgesic excess), interstitial nephritis, polycystic
kidney disease Prostatitis
Appendicitis


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Symptoms and Signs of QRS complexes
Axis deviation: See Axis deviation
Bundle branch block: See Bundle branch blocks Low voltage QRS complexes
Incorrect standardization Obesity
COPD
Pericardia! effusion Myxoedema
Wide QRS complexes
Ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardia, complete AV block Bundle branch block: Left and Right
Left anterior hemiblock
Dominant Rwaves in V


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Symptoms and signs -Differential Diagnosis of Proptosis
Unilateral
Orbital tumour (e.g. optic nerve tumour, Hodgkin's lymphoma, etc.),
granuloma Orbital cellulitis
Bilateral
Caroticocavernous fistula
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Thyrotoxicosis
Orbital abnormalities (craniostenoses: Crouzon or Apert syndrome)



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Symptoms and Signs Differential diagnosis - Priapism
Low flow:
After normal intercourse
After self-injection of alprostadil or papaverine for impotence 0(-Blocking agents, e.g. prazosin
Haematological diseases: sickle cell diseases, leukaemia Haemodialysis
High flow (rare):
Caused by an injury resulting in an aneurysm of the deep artery of the corpus
Cavernosum


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Proteinuria
Amyloidosis
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Infection (UTI)
Inflammation (SLE, glomerulonephritis)
Multiple myeloma
Other: fever, exercise, CCF, orthostatic proteinuria, contamination (semen,
Pregnancy
vaginal discharge)



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Proximal muscle weakness
Toxic/metabolic: steroids, Cushing's syndrome, thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, osteomalacia
Inflammatory: dermatomyositis, polymyositis, polymyalgia rheumatica lnfecti_on: staphylococcal myositis, parasites (trichinosis, cysticercosis), viral
(influenza, coxsackie, echo)
Inherited: muscular dystrophies, metabolic myopathies (e.g. glycogen storage
diseases e.g. McArdle's syndrome), mitochondrial myopathies, familial periodic paralysis (associated with hypo/hyperkalaemia)


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pruritus
Cutaneous diseases
Eczema, allergic reactions
Lichen planus
Scabies
Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, parasites Dermatitis herpetiformis
Blistering disorders
Psoriasis (occasionally)
Nodular prurigo (following insect bites)

Systemic diseases
Metabolic: liver failure, chronic renal failure
Endocrine: hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus Haematological: polycythaemia, iron deficiency anaemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma Psychological: parasitophobia, anxiety
Tropical infection: filariasis, hookworm
Drugs: alkaloids


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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.