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Symptoms and Signs- Differential Diagnosis of Renal tubular acidosis
Type 1
Autoimmune: Sjogren's syndrome, SLE, primary biliary cirrhosis Nephrocalcinosis: hypercalcaemia, medullary sponge kidney Obstructive uropathy
Toxic: amphotericin, Lithium, transplanted kidney {rejection) Sickle cell anaemia
(Mnemonic: Acid NOT Secreted)
Type2
Acquired: myeloma, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, Drugs: acetazolamide, heavy metals
Congenital: as part of Fanconi's syndrome, fructose intolerance, cystinosis, Wilson's disease, tyrosinaemia
Type4
Diabetes mellitus Pyelonephritis
Renal tubular acidosis continued Drugs: NSAIDs, potassium-sparing diuretics Urinary obstruction
Sickle cell disease


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Symptoms and Signs- Differential Diagnosis of QT interval
Long
Hypothermia
Hypocalcaemia, hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia
Congenital: Romano-Ward syndrome, Jervell-Lange--Nielsen syndrome Drugs: tricyclic antidepressants, chloroquine, Class la anti-arrhythmic drugs Acute Ml, acute myocarditis
Cerebral injury
Short
Hyperthermia Hypercalcaemia Digoxin


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Purpura
Senile
Steroids (iatrogenic, Cushing's syndrome)
Infection: meningococcal septicaemia/DIC, infective endocarditis
Platelet disorders: quantitative (thrombocytopenia), qualitative (von Willebrand's
disease), coagulopathy (haemophilia, liver disease, anticoagulants) Vasculitis: e.g:
1°: Henoch-Schiinlein purpura, polyarteritis nodosa, Churg-Strauss, Wegener's granulomatosis, cryoglobulinaemia
2°: SLE, rheumatoid arthritis
Collagen diseases: scurvy, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Others: emboli (e.g. cholesterol), hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia,
Amyloidosis



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pustules
Infection:
Bacterial: Staphylococcal, Gram -ve bacilli, Gonococcal, secondary syphilis Viral: HSV, VZV (pustules preceded by vesicles)
Fungal: (dermatophyte infection inappropriately treated with topical steroids) Scabies
Psoriasis (pustular)
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Drugs: steroids, phenytoin, isoniazid
Developing at sites of trauma (pathergy): Behc;et's disease, Sweet's syndrome With other skin signs: acne, rosacea



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pyoderma gangrenosum
Inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune hepatitis
Rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative arthritides
Haematological: leukaemia, myeloma, polycythaemia rubra vera Wegener's granulomatosis
Idiopathic (50%)



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO}
Infection: abscesses (subphrenic, liver, pelvis)
Bacterial: infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, UTI, biliary infection TB, brucellosis, viral infections (HIV, CMV, EBV), malaria
lnflammation/CTD: rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, sarcoidosis, vasculitides, polymyalgia rheumatica
Malignancy: lymphomas, leukaemia, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma
Drugs: e.g. sulphonamides, isoniazid, aspirin
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), familial periodic fever (FPF)


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sterile Pyuria
TB, inadequately treated UTI, UTI with fastidious culture requirement Bladder: tumour, chemical cystitis (e.g. cytotoxics)
Calculi
Renal papillary necrosis (e.g. analgesic excess), interstitial nephritis, polycystic
kidney disease Prostatitis
Appendicitis


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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.