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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gait
Antalgic gait due to pain
Apraxic gaits: frontal lobe lesions
Festinant, shuffling gait: Parkinson's disease
heavy metal poisoning, e.g. lead
Leg length discrepancies
Spastic, scissoring: See Spastic paraparesis
Steppage gate: peroneal nerve palsy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, old polio,
Waddling: See Proximal myopathy
Wide-base: See Ataxia


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal bleeding,
Anal: haemorrhoids, fissure
Angiodysplasia
Bleeding disorders (thrombocytopenia, haemophilia), hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, Dieulafoy gastric vascular abnormality, aortoduodenal fistulae, angiodysplasia, leiomyoma, Meckel's diverticulum, pseudoxanthoma
Bowel cancer, polyps
Colitis: inflammatory (ulcerative colitis), infective, ischaemic, radiation
Diverticulae (colonic)
elasticum
Excessive upper GI bleeding
Gastritis/gastric erosions, duodenitis, oesophagitis
Gastro-oesophageal varices
Mallory-Weiss tear
Medications: NSAIDs, anticoagulants, steroids, thrombolytics
Oesophageal/gastric cancer
Other: bleeding disorders, aortoenteric fistula, Meckel's diverticulum, solitary
Peptic ulcer (gastridduodenal)
rectal ulcer
Upper GI bleeding (haematemesis)



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gaze palsy
Horizontal
demyelination, infection
frontal lobe lesions:
lpsilateral pontine (pontine paramedian reticular formation) or Contralateral
Vascular (infarction/haemorrhage, vascular malformations), tumour,
Vertical
metastatic), demyelination, infection, metabolic (e.g. Niemann-Pick disease, Gaucher's disease, abetalipoproteinemia), neurodegenerative (SteeleRichardson
Superior midbrain lesions:
syndrome: associated with extrapyramidal dysfunction)
Vascular (infarction/haemorrhage, vascular malformations), tumours (pinealoma/



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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Genital discharge (males)
Physiological
Sexual arousal, smegma, crystalluria, prostatorrhoea
Pathological
Urethra: gonorrhoea, chlamydia, non-specific infection, trichmoniasis, herpes, 2° to
intra-urethral lesions, 2° to prostatitis/upper urinary traction infection/lesion
Prepuce/glans: candidiasis, herpes, balanoposthitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Goitre
Simple goitre {euthyroid): puberty, pregnancy
Hyperthyroidism: Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular goitre with
one palpable nodule, thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism: Hashimoto's disease
Lithium, antithyroid drugs, iodine deficiency/excess, dyshormogenesis
Thyroid cyst
Thyroid carcinoma: papillary, follicular, anaplastic, medullary, lymphoma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gynaecomastia
Chronic liver disease
Chronic renal failure
Drugs: spirinolactone, cimetidine, cyproterone acetate, chlorpromazine,
Hyperthyroidism
Hypogonadism
oestrogens, digoxin, drugs of abuse (heroin, marijuana)
Physiological: puberty, elderly
Pseudogynaecomastia: e.g. in obese men
testicular)
Tumours: ectopic hCG (e.g. hepatoma and lung), oestrogen-producing (e.g.

Unilateral
Breast carcinoma
Lipoma, lymphangioma, neurofibroma, haematoma, dermoid cyst
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Haemarthrosis
Haematological: Clotting disorders, sickle cell disease, drugs
Infection: Septic arthritis, TB
Joint diseases: Osteoarthritis, gout, pseudogout
Neurological: Charcot's joint
Scurvy
Trauma: iatrogenic, post-operative, fracture, meniscus tear, ligamentous injury (e.g. anterior cruciate)
Tumour: pigmented villonodular synovitis
Vascular: haemangioma, arteriovenous malformation, aneurysm




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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.