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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Haemarthrosis
Haematological: Clotting disorders, sickle cell disease, drugs
Infection: Septic arthritis, TB
Joint diseases: Osteoarthritis, gout, pseudogout
Neurological: Charcot's joint
Scurvy
Trauma: iatrogenic, post-operative, fracture, meniscus tear, ligamentous injury (e.g. anterior cruciate)
Tumour: pigmented villonodular synovitis
Vascular: haemangioma, arteriovenous malformation, aneurysm




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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Haematuria
disease, leukaemia), anticoagulants
Drugs (senna, rifamipcin)
e.g. cyclophosphamide, excessive exercise
Food: beetroot
General: haematological disorders (haemophilia, thrombocytopenia, sickle cell
Haemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria
Infection: UTI, rarely TB, schistosomiasis
Kidney, bladder, ureter or urethra
Other causes of urine discoloration
Other causes: glomerulonephritis, lgA nephropathy, interstitial nephritis, cystic renal disease, emboli, renal vein thrombosis, vascular malformation, drugs,
Porphyria (acute intermittent)
Prostate: benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, prostatitis
Stones
Trauma
Tumours


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Haemoptysis
General bleeding diathesis
Heart: mitral stenosis
Lung: infection {TB, pneumonia, abscess, bronchitis, bronchiectasis fungi, parasites), pulmonary embolism, malignancy, vasculitis (e.g. Wegener's granulomatosis, Goodpasture's disease), trauma, foreign body
Rarer causes: arteriovenous malformation, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis​



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Halitosis
GI: achalasia, oesophageal stricture, GORD
Lung: infections, bronchiectasis
Mouth: Poor dental hygiene, dental plaque, gingivitis, oropharyngeal malignancy
Nasopharynx: Atrophic rhinitis, chronic sinusitis and post-nasal drip, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngeal pouch


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hallucination
Alcoholic hallucinosis
Cerebrovascular (stroke), infection, toxidmetabolic (e.g. alcohol, hallucinogens, e.g. LSD), drug-induced psychosis (e.g. amphetamine, cocaine)
Delirium
Dementia
Mania with psychosis
Psychiatric
Puerperal psychosis
Schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder
Seizures
Sensory organ disease, e.g. retinal ischaemia/optic nerve lesions
Severe depression with psychosis




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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Headache
Acute/subacute causes (likely to present in A&E)
Head injury
Meningitis/encephalitis
Subarachnoid haemorrhage, intracranial haemorrhage, cerebral venous thrombosis
Carotid/vertebral artery dissection
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Giant cell arteritis
Pituitary apoplexy
​Other causes: increased BP, drugs (e.g. GTN, Ca channel antagonists), infections (bacterial, viral illnesses etc.), electrolyte imbalances (e.g. hyponatraemia),
hyperviscosity syndromes (e.g. polycythaemia)
Chronic/recurrent
increased lntracranial pressure (e.g. space occupying lesion, e.g. tumour/abscess,
hydrocephalus, benign intracranial hypertension) and reduced intracranial pressure
(e.g. post lumbar puncture)

Migraine
Migrainous neuralgia
Tension headache, rebound headache (on stopping analgesics)
Sinusitis
Other causes: cervicogenic (referred from cervical spondylosis), hypnic headache, meningeal infiltration (e.g. malignancy, sarcoidosis), refractive errors, Paget's disease of bone, acromegaly, antiphospholipid syndrome






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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Foot pain
Bone: fracture (calcaneal fracture, metatarsal fracture), osteomyelitis, osteochondritis:, e.g. metatarsal head (Freiberg's disease) and navicular (Kohler's disease), tumours
Deformities (e.g. flat feet), strain (muscular, ligamentous strain)
Joints: septic arthritis, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis
Neurological: L4/L5/S1 root pain, Morton's metatarsalgia (plantar nerve neuroma), tarsal tunnel syndrome
Periarticular: plantar fasciitis, tendonitis (e.g. Achilles tendon, peroneal tendon, tibialis posterior), bursitis (e.g. retro and infracalcaneal, interMTP)
Skin: cellulitis, warts, corns, callosities
Vascular: ischaemia, ulcers (see Digital gangrene)

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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.