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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of T waves
Tall
Hyperkalaemia
Acute Ml
Normal variant

Small
Hypokalaemia Pericardia! effusion Hypothyroidism

Inverted
V1-V3/V4
Normal variant {children and black people)
Right bundle branch block
Pulmonary embolism

V2-V5
Non-Q wave Ml
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Lithium

V4-V6 and lateral
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Myocardial ischaemia Associated with LBBB


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Symptoms and Signs -Differential Diagnosis of Tachycardia
Sinus tachycardia
Fever, exercise, anxiety, anaemia, drugs {caffeine, salbutamol, anticholinergics,
catecholamines, nicotine), pregnancy
Hypotension {e.g. hypovolaemia, septicaemia)
Cardiac: Ml, congestive cardiac failure, constrictive pericarditis Pulmonary: pulmonary embolism, asthma, chronic lung disease Endocrine: hyperthyroidism, phaeochromocytomas, hypoglycaemia

Supraventricular tachycardia
Idiopathic, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Atrial fibrillation/flutter
Idiopathic, thyrotoxicosis, alcohol abuse, pulmonary: embolism/infection/cancer, pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, ischaemic heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, mitral stenosis

Ventricular tachycardia
Idiopathic, ischaemic heart disease/Ml, hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, long QT syndrome, drugs


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Symptoms and Signs -Differential Diagnosis of Target cells
Splenectomy
Haemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia, haemoglobin C disease} Iron deficiency
Liver disease
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT} deficiency


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Skin necrosis
Warfarin, Protein CJS deficiency, DIC (e.g. meningococcal septicaemia) Vasculitis (Primary: Wegener's granulomatosis, cryoglobulinaemia; Secondary:
SLE, rheumatoid arthritis)
Peripheral vascular disease
Emboli: cholesterol, subacute bacterial endocarditis
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Panniculitis (e.g. idiopathic, pancreatitis)
Calciphylaxis (small-vessel vasculitis causing skin necrosis associated with
end-stage renal failure, j Ca2+ and phosphate)


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Snoring
Obstructive sleep apnoea Airway narrowing:
Low-set thick soft palate, longer-than-normal uvula
Tongue falling backwards when sleeping supine
Enlarged tonsils, nasal blockage (e.g. allergies, deviated septum)
Increased Upper-airway soft-tissue laxity and muscle weakness
Increased Age, obesity, alcohol/tranquilizers


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sore throat
Pharyngitis (viral)
Streptococcal tonsillitis
Infectious mononucleosis
Gonococcal pharyngitis
Diphtheria

With pharyngeal ulcers
Herpes simplex
Herpangina
Vincent's angina (fusospirochetal infection) Candidiasis



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Spastic paraparesis
Cord compression (cervical spondylosis, disc prolapse, secondary tumour in spine, spinal cord tumour)
Multiple sclerosis
Motor neurone disease
Trauma, birth injury (cerebral palsy) Syringomyelia
Others
Vascular: anterior spinal artery thrombosis, venous sinus thrombosis, multiple cerebral infarctions
Infection: tranverse myelitis (post-infectious, e.g. Mycoplasma), HIV, HTLV-1 (tropical spastic paraparesis), syphilis
Tumours: parasigittal meningioma
Toxic/metabolic: 812 deficiency (subacute combined degeneration)
Congenital: hereditary spastic paraparesis, Friedreich's ataxia


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Spastic paraparesis
Cord compression (cervical spondylosis, disc prolapse, secondary tumour in spine, spinal cord tumour)
Multiple sclerosis
Motor neurone disease
Trauma, birth injury (cerebral palsy) Syringomyelia
Others
Vascular: anterior spinal artery thrombosis, venous sinus thrombosis, multiple cerebral infarctions
Infection: tranverse myelitis (post-infectious, e.g. Mycoplasma), HIV, HTLV-1 (tropical spastic paraparesis), syphilis
Tumours: parasigittal meningioma
Toxic/metabolic: 812 deficiency (subacute combined degeneration)
Congenital: hereditary spastic paraparesis, Friedreich's ataxia


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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.