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Pathology - Giant Cell Arteritis
Giant-Cell Arteritis The cause of this condition is still unknown, although it has been postulated that it may be due to T-cell-mediated damage.
Typically, this condition mostly impacts those over the age of 50 and is more prevalent among women.
Pathology
Gross Pathology: Impacts arteries of small to medium size, typically branches of the carotid artery, particularly the temporal artery.
Study of cellular and tissue abnormalities at a microscopic level. The medium is experiencing granulomatous inflammation characterized by the presence of mononuclear infiltration and large cells.
Clinical manifestations and indications
The patient presents with a throbbing headache on one side of the head, accompanied by sensitive nodules along the path of the temporal artery. They also have pain in the jaw when chewing, as well as reduced eyesight due to blockage of the ocular artery.
Systemic polymyalgia rheumatica, characterized by pain and stiffness in proximal muscles (such as shoulder and pelvic muscles), is observed in 50% of patients, with the symptoms being most typically experienced in the mornings.
Laboratory results: Significantly increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Treatment: Corticosteroids
Giant-Cell Arteritis The cause of this condition is still unknown, although it has been postulated that it may be due to T-cell-mediated damage.
Typically, this condition mostly impacts those over the age of 50 and is more prevalent among women.
Pathology
Gross Pathology: Impacts arteries of small to medium size, typically branches of the carotid artery, particularly the temporal artery.
Study of cellular and tissue abnormalities at a microscopic level. The medium is experiencing granulomatous inflammation characterized by the presence of mononuclear infiltration and large cells.
Clinical manifestations and indications
The patient presents with a throbbing headache on one side of the head, accompanied by sensitive nodules along the path of the temporal artery. They also have pain in the jaw when chewing, as well as reduced eyesight due to blockage of the ocular artery.
Systemic polymyalgia rheumatica, characterized by pain and stiffness in proximal muscles (such as shoulder and pelvic muscles), is observed in 50% of patients, with the symptoms being most typically experienced in the mornings.
Laboratory results: Significantly increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Treatment: Corticosteroids
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Pathology - Takayasu Arteritis
The cause is yet unidentified, although it is believed that immunological systems may be involved.
Primarily impacts females in their thirties to fifties.
Study of the nature and causes of diseases.
Gross Pathology: This condition involves the disease of medium and big arteries, which leads to the thickening of the aortic arch or the proximal great vessels, culminating in vascular insufficiency.
Study of cellular and tissue abnormalities at a microscopic level. The tissue sample shows the presence of a single kind of immune cells surrounding and cutting the small blood vessels in the outer layer and middle layer of the blood vessel wall, as well as the formation of small nodules with large immune cells.
Symptoms and signs
The patient presents with fever, weak pulses in the upper extremities (known as "pulseless disease"), joint pain, fainting, skin nodules, excessive sweating at night, difficulty walking due to pain (bruits may be detected over the subclavian arteries), and visual and neurological problems.
Laboratory findings: Significant increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Treatment options for this condition include the administration of corticosteroids. In more severe cases, additional medications such as cyclophosphamide or methotrexate may be necessary.
The cause is yet unidentified, although it is believed that immunological systems may be involved.
Primarily impacts females in their thirties to fifties.
Study of the nature and causes of diseases.
Gross Pathology: This condition involves the disease of medium and big arteries, which leads to the thickening of the aortic arch or the proximal great vessels, culminating in vascular insufficiency.
Study of cellular and tissue abnormalities at a microscopic level. The tissue sample shows the presence of a single kind of immune cells surrounding and cutting the small blood vessels in the outer layer and middle layer of the blood vessel wall, as well as the formation of small nodules with large immune cells.
Symptoms and signs
The patient presents with fever, weak pulses in the upper extremities (known as "pulseless disease"), joint pain, fainting, skin nodules, excessive sweating at night, difficulty walking due to pain (bruits may be detected over the subclavian arteries), and visual and neurological problems.
Laboratory findings: Significant increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Treatment options for this condition include the administration of corticosteroids. In more severe cases, additional medications such as cyclophosphamide or methotrexate may be necessary.
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Pathology - Kawasaki Disease
The cause is yet unidentified, although a malfunction in the regulation of the immune system is seen as a possible explanation.
Typically impacts infants and young children under the age of 5.
Study of diseases and their effects on the body.
Gross: Impacts vessels of small and medium size, including coronary arteries.
Microscopic: The vessel wall exhibits transmural inflammation and necrosis, accompanied by an infiltration of inflammatory cells.
Clinical manifestations
The individual is experiencing symptoms such as fever, inflammation of the conjunctiva, lesions on the mucous membranes of the mouth, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck, typically affecting a single node. The individual is experiencing joint pain, swelling in the hands and feet, and redness on the palms and soles of the feet.
Possible complications encompass myocarditis and the formation of coronary artery aneurysms, which have the potential to burst and result in fatality.
Management
Aspirin and intravenous gamma-globulin are used to prevent the development of coronary aneurysms.
The disease typically resolves on its own, but patients should undergo an echocardiography or cardiac CT scan to assess for proximal coronary aneurysms.
The cause is yet unidentified, although a malfunction in the regulation of the immune system is seen as a possible explanation.
Typically impacts infants and young children under the age of 5.
Study of diseases and their effects on the body.
Gross: Impacts vessels of small and medium size, including coronary arteries.
Microscopic: The vessel wall exhibits transmural inflammation and necrosis, accompanied by an infiltration of inflammatory cells.
Clinical manifestations
The individual is experiencing symptoms such as fever, inflammation of the conjunctiva, lesions on the mucous membranes of the mouth, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck, typically affecting a single node. The individual is experiencing joint pain, swelling in the hands and feet, and redness on the palms and soles of the feet.
Possible complications encompass myocarditis and the formation of coronary artery aneurysms, which have the potential to burst and result in fatality.
Management
Aspirin and intravenous gamma-globulin are used to prevent the development of coronary aneurysms.
The disease typically resolves on its own, but patients should undergo an echocardiography or cardiac CT scan to assess for proximal coronary aneurysms.
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Pathology - Polycythemia Vera
Polycythemia Vera is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the body.
Myeloproliferative disorder is a condition where there is abnormal growth of blood cells. In 95% of instances, this disorder is linked to a specific genetic mutation called JAK2V617F.
Most commonly observed in males who are middle-aged, overweight, and have hypertension.
Study of the nature and causes of diseases.
Bone marrow: The bone marrow is characterized by a high number of cells, particularly erythroid precursor cells. There is also a rise in other types of blood-forming cells, such as megakaryocytes and myelocytes.
The patient presents with splenomegaly, pruritus, symptoms related to increased blood thickness such as headache and impaired vision, venous thrombosis, and bleeding.
Laboratory results include elevated hematocrit (Hct) and red blood cell (RBC) count, reduced levels of erythropoietin, elevated white blood cells (WBCs), increased platelets, elevated leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP), increased serum vitamin B levels, and hyperuricemia.
Treatment options include phlebotomy, aspirin, and hydroxyurea in cases of thrombosis.
Polycythemia vera is classified as a myeloproliferative condition, along with essential thrombocythemia and myelofibrosis.
Essential thrombocythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in platelet count (thrombocytosis) and an excessive production of large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes (megakaryocytosis). This condition typically manifests with both bleeding and the formation of blood clots (thrombosis).
Secondary polycythemia is characterized by an increase in the mass of blood cells due to an increase in the production of erythropoietin. This increase is induced by persistent hypoxia, renal illness, or Cushing syndrome.
Polycythemia Vera is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the body.
Myeloproliferative disorder is a condition where there is abnormal growth of blood cells. In 95% of instances, this disorder is linked to a specific genetic mutation called JAK2V617F.
Most commonly observed in males who are middle-aged, overweight, and have hypertension.
Study of the nature and causes of diseases.
Bone marrow: The bone marrow is characterized by a high number of cells, particularly erythroid precursor cells. There is also a rise in other types of blood-forming cells, such as megakaryocytes and myelocytes.
The patient presents with splenomegaly, pruritus, symptoms related to increased blood thickness such as headache and impaired vision, venous thrombosis, and bleeding.
Laboratory results include elevated hematocrit (Hct) and red blood cell (RBC) count, reduced levels of erythropoietin, elevated white blood cells (WBCs), increased platelets, elevated leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP), increased serum vitamin B levels, and hyperuricemia.
Treatment options include phlebotomy, aspirin, and hydroxyurea in cases of thrombosis.
Polycythemia vera is classified as a myeloproliferative condition, along with essential thrombocythemia and myelofibrosis.
Essential thrombocythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in platelet count (thrombocytosis) and an excessive production of large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes (megakaryocytosis). This condition typically manifests with both bleeding and the formation of blood clots (thrombosis).
Secondary polycythemia is characterized by an increase in the mass of blood cells due to an increase in the production of erythropoietin. This increase is induced by persistent hypoxia, renal illness, or Cushing syndrome.
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Pathology - Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia
Fibroblastic proliferation in the bone occurs as a consequence of elevated secretion of PDGF and TGF-B.
Study of the nature and causes of diseases.
Bone marrow: The bone marrow cavity is replaced by fibrous tissue, resulting in the loss of hematopoietic progenitor cells, save for an increase in megakaryocytes.
The liver and spleen undergo extramedullary hematopoiesis due to bone marrow depletion.
Peripheral blood smear reveals erythrocytes with a teardrop form, granulocyte precursor cells, nucleated red blood cells, and thrombocytosis with morphologically aberrant platelets.
Signs and symptoms
The patient exhibits weariness and pallor, which are common symptoms of anemia. Additionally, the patient has a significantly enlarged spleen, known as massive splenomegaly. Laboratory tests reveal a decreased hematocrit (Hct) level.
Therapy
Treatment options for bone marrow transplant include supportive care with transfusions, as well as the use of steroids or chemotherapeutic drugs.
Myelofibrosis is classified as a myeloproliferative condition, along with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), essential thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera.
Fibroblastic proliferation in the bone occurs as a consequence of elevated secretion of PDGF and TGF-B.
Study of the nature and causes of diseases.
Bone marrow: The bone marrow cavity is replaced by fibrous tissue, resulting in the loss of hematopoietic progenitor cells, save for an increase in megakaryocytes.
The liver and spleen undergo extramedullary hematopoiesis due to bone marrow depletion.
Peripheral blood smear reveals erythrocytes with a teardrop form, granulocyte precursor cells, nucleated red blood cells, and thrombocytosis with morphologically aberrant platelets.
Signs and symptoms
The patient exhibits weariness and pallor, which are common symptoms of anemia. Additionally, the patient has a significantly enlarged spleen, known as massive splenomegaly. Laboratory tests reveal a decreased hematocrit (Hct) level.
Therapy
Treatment options for bone marrow transplant include supportive care with transfusions, as well as the use of steroids or chemotherapeutic drugs.
Myelofibrosis is classified as a myeloproliferative condition, along with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), essential thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera.
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Pathology - Hodgkin lymphoma
The cause is currently unknown, but EB infection has been suggested as a possible factor.
The typical occurrence is in a 20-year-old male, however Hodgkin lymphoma has a dual age distribution pattern, with a high incidence between 20 and 30 years and another peak after the age of 50.
Pathology
The lymph node contains a type of cell called Reed-Sternberg cell. These cells are large and have several nuclei, with nucleoli that appear eosinophilic and resemble the eyes of an owl. It is believed that these cells originate from B-cells that express CD 30 and CD 15 proteins.
There are four different histologic variations. (1) Lymphocyte predominance: characterized by a high number of lymphocytes and a low number of Reed-Sternberg cells. (2) Nodular sclerosis: characterized by the presence of fibrous bands and a specific type of Reed-Sternberg cells called lacunar cells. (3) Mixed cellularity: characterized by the presence of eosinophils, plasma cells, Reed-Sternberg cells, and fibrosis. (4) Lymphocyte depletion: characterized by a low number of lymphocytes, a high number of Reed-Sternberg cells, and the occurrence of necrosis.
Presenting Symptoms
The lymphadenopathy is typically painless and localized in the neck, appearing as a single group of nodes. It is accompanied by itching and an enlarged spleen.
Constitutional symptoms (B symptoms): Symptoms include a little increase in body temperature, excessive sweating during the night, and a reduction in body weight.
Therapeutic interventions
Treatment methods include radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
A favorable prognosis (80% likelihood of cure) is linked to non-disseminated illness, the absence of B symptoms, and specific histologic characteristics (lymphocyte predominance and nodular sclerosis). While patients diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma face the possibility of developing second malignancies such as acute leukemia or breast cancer, it is important to note that Hodgkin lymphoma typically spreads to nearby lymph nodes.
Women are more frequently observed to have the Nodular sclerosis histologic subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma.
The cause is currently unknown, but EB infection has been suggested as a possible factor.
The typical occurrence is in a 20-year-old male, however Hodgkin lymphoma has a dual age distribution pattern, with a high incidence between 20 and 30 years and another peak after the age of 50.
Pathology
The lymph node contains a type of cell called Reed-Sternberg cell. These cells are large and have several nuclei, with nucleoli that appear eosinophilic and resemble the eyes of an owl. It is believed that these cells originate from B-cells that express CD 30 and CD 15 proteins.
There are four different histologic variations. (1) Lymphocyte predominance: characterized by a high number of lymphocytes and a low number of Reed-Sternberg cells. (2) Nodular sclerosis: characterized by the presence of fibrous bands and a specific type of Reed-Sternberg cells called lacunar cells. (3) Mixed cellularity: characterized by the presence of eosinophils, plasma cells, Reed-Sternberg cells, and fibrosis. (4) Lymphocyte depletion: characterized by a low number of lymphocytes, a high number of Reed-Sternberg cells, and the occurrence of necrosis.
Presenting Symptoms
The lymphadenopathy is typically painless and localized in the neck, appearing as a single group of nodes. It is accompanied by itching and an enlarged spleen.
Constitutional symptoms (B symptoms): Symptoms include a little increase in body temperature, excessive sweating during the night, and a reduction in body weight.
Therapeutic interventions
Treatment methods include radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
A favorable prognosis (80% likelihood of cure) is linked to non-disseminated illness, the absence of B symptoms, and specific histologic characteristics (lymphocyte predominance and nodular sclerosis). While patients diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma face the possibility of developing second malignancies such as acute leukemia or breast cancer, it is important to note that Hodgkin lymphoma typically spreads to nearby lymph nodes.
Women are more frequently observed to have the Nodular sclerosis histologic subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Pathology - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Chromosomal translocations are genetic abnormalities that occur in some types of lymphomas. In Burkitt lymphoma, a specific translocation called t(8;14) leads to the overexpression of the c-myc gene. In follicular lymphoma, another translocation called t(14;18) causes the activation of the bcl-2 gene, which is the most commonly observed translocation in this type of lymphoma.
Viral infections: HIV and EBV (EBV is related with Burkitt lymphoma of the jaw).
The median age of diagnosis is 65, and it is more prevalent among males.
Study of diseases and their effects on the body
Lymph node: (1) Follicular: characterized by the proliferation of cleaved cells in a nodular pattern; (2) Burkitt: exhibits a starry-sky appearance and consists of non-cleaved cells; (3) Small lymphocytic: shows the widespread effacement of lymph node architecture by small mature lymphocytes, often associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (also positive for CD5 marker); (4) Diffuse large B cell: characterized by the presence of large cells with large, round nuclei; (5) Other variants include mantle cell. A marginal cell. MALT lymphoma
Presenting Symptoms
The patient presents with hepatosplenomegaly, painless lymphadenopathy, and fewer B symptoms compared to Hodgkin lymphoma.
Laboratory results indicate elevated levels of LDH, which can be utilized as a prognostic marker. Absence of hypergammaglobulinemia
Therapy
Treatment options for relapsing disease include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplant.
The median survival rate is 6-8 years. The prognosis is particularly unfavorable for elderly individuals, those with disseminated disease, and those with aggressive types.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) does not spread in a continuous manner.
EBV infection is additionally linked to an elevated susceptibility for nasopharyngeal cancer.
Chromosomal translocations are genetic abnormalities that occur in some types of lymphomas. In Burkitt lymphoma, a specific translocation called t(8;14) leads to the overexpression of the c-myc gene. In follicular lymphoma, another translocation called t(14;18) causes the activation of the bcl-2 gene, which is the most commonly observed translocation in this type of lymphoma.
Viral infections: HIV and EBV (EBV is related with Burkitt lymphoma of the jaw).
The median age of diagnosis is 65, and it is more prevalent among males.
Study of diseases and their effects on the body
Lymph node: (1) Follicular: characterized by the proliferation of cleaved cells in a nodular pattern; (2) Burkitt: exhibits a starry-sky appearance and consists of non-cleaved cells; (3) Small lymphocytic: shows the widespread effacement of lymph node architecture by small mature lymphocytes, often associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (also positive for CD5 marker); (4) Diffuse large B cell: characterized by the presence of large cells with large, round nuclei; (5) Other variants include mantle cell. A marginal cell. MALT lymphoma
Presenting Symptoms
The patient presents with hepatosplenomegaly, painless lymphadenopathy, and fewer B symptoms compared to Hodgkin lymphoma.
Laboratory results indicate elevated levels of LDH, which can be utilized as a prognostic marker. Absence of hypergammaglobulinemia
Therapy
Treatment options for relapsing disease include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplant.
The median survival rate is 6-8 years. The prognosis is particularly unfavorable for elderly individuals, those with disseminated disease, and those with aggressive types.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) does not spread in a continuous manner.
EBV infection is additionally linked to an elevated susceptibility for nasopharyngeal cancer.
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Pathology - Multiple Myeloma
A tumor cell originates from the rapid growth of a single type of plasma cells, known as monoclonal plasma cells, that are responsible for producing immunoglobulin G (IgG).
Most prevalent among individuals over the age of 60.
Pathology
Bone marrow: Malignant plasma cells with a characteristic fried-egg look originating from B lymphocytes.
Peripheral blood smear reveals the presence of erythrocytes arranged in a structure known as rouleaux.
Long bones: Lytic lesions are caused by the secretion of osteoclast-activating factor by cancerous cells.
Clinical Presentations
Primary amyloidosis is characterized by bone discomfort, fractures, renal failure, and recurrent infections.
Imaging: Visible lytic lesions on radiography
Laboratory results: The patient exhibits a monoclonal immunoglobulin spike (M protein) on serum protein electrophoresis, Bence-Jones protein (IgG light chains) in urine, anemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and hypercalcemia. Increased levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the blood, together with elevated levels of nitrogenous waste products (azotemia).
Treatment options for patients include chemotherapy, autologous stem cell transplant, and bisphosphonates for those with hypercalcemia.
MGUS is a condition without symptoms that is defined by the presence of a monoclonal M protein spike that is less than 3 g/dL. It is not accompanied by Bence-Jones proteinuria, lytic bone lesions, or renal insufficiency. Close monitoring of patients with MGUS is important due to their heightened susceptibility to developing multiple myeloma or another lymphoproliferative illness.
A tumor cell originates from the rapid growth of a single type of plasma cells, known as monoclonal plasma cells, that are responsible for producing immunoglobulin G (IgG).
Most prevalent among individuals over the age of 60.
Pathology
Bone marrow: Malignant plasma cells with a characteristic fried-egg look originating from B lymphocytes.
Peripheral blood smear reveals the presence of erythrocytes arranged in a structure known as rouleaux.
Long bones: Lytic lesions are caused by the secretion of osteoclast-activating factor by cancerous cells.
Clinical Presentations
Primary amyloidosis is characterized by bone discomfort, fractures, renal failure, and recurrent infections.
Imaging: Visible lytic lesions on radiography
Laboratory results: The patient exhibits a monoclonal immunoglobulin spike (M protein) on serum protein electrophoresis, Bence-Jones protein (IgG light chains) in urine, anemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and hypercalcemia. Increased levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the blood, together with elevated levels of nitrogenous waste products (azotemia).
Treatment options for patients include chemotherapy, autologous stem cell transplant, and bisphosphonates for those with hypercalcemia.
MGUS is a condition without symptoms that is defined by the presence of a monoclonal M protein spike that is less than 3 g/dL. It is not accompanied by Bence-Jones proteinuria, lytic bone lesions, or renal insufficiency. Close monitoring of patients with MGUS is important due to their heightened susceptibility to developing multiple myeloma or another lymphoproliferative illness.
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Pathology - Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
The hyperviscosity syndrome is mostly linked to the presence of IgM-producing plasmacytic lymphocytes, which are a combination of plasma cells and B lymphocytes.
Most commonly observed in males over the age of 30.
Study of diseases and their effects on the body.
Bone marrow: Combination of tiny lymphoid cells exhibiting varying levels of plasma cell differentiation. Dutcher bodies are eosinophilic inclusion forms seen in the nucleus. Russian bodies are eosinophilic inclusion bodies seen in the cytoplasm.
Erythrocytes in the peripheral blood smear exhibit rouleaux development.
Symptoms and signs
Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, anemia, enlargement of the liver and spleen, swelling of the lymph nodes, and dilation of the veins in the retina.
Complications encompass hyperviscosity syndrome caused by the presence of circulating IgM, resulting in symptoms such as fuzzy vision, neurological problems, and heart failure. Additionally, complications may include bleeding and peripheral neuropathy due to the deposition of IgM.
Laboratory results indicate the presence of a monoclonal IgM spike on serum protein electrophoresis, along with an elevated serum viscosity. Reduced hematocrit.
Treatment options include chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy using rituximab. In cases of severe hyperviscosity, plasmapheresis may be performed.
Written observations or records of information.
The hyperviscosity syndrome is mostly linked to the presence of IgM-producing plasmacytic lymphocytes, which are a combination of plasma cells and B lymphocytes.
Most commonly observed in males over the age of 30.
Study of diseases and their effects on the body.
Bone marrow: Combination of tiny lymphoid cells exhibiting varying levels of plasma cell differentiation. Dutcher bodies are eosinophilic inclusion forms seen in the nucleus. Russian bodies are eosinophilic inclusion bodies seen in the cytoplasm.
Erythrocytes in the peripheral blood smear exhibit rouleaux development.
Symptoms and signs
Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, anemia, enlargement of the liver and spleen, swelling of the lymph nodes, and dilation of the veins in the retina.
Complications encompass hyperviscosity syndrome caused by the presence of circulating IgM, resulting in symptoms such as fuzzy vision, neurological problems, and heart failure. Additionally, complications may include bleeding and peripheral neuropathy due to the deposition of IgM.
Laboratory results indicate the presence of a monoclonal IgM spike on serum protein electrophoresis, along with an elevated serum viscosity. Reduced hematocrit.
Treatment options include chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy using rituximab. In cases of severe hyperviscosity, plasmapheresis may be performed.
Written observations or records of information.
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Pathology - Idiopathic and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a condition where platelets are coated with antiplatelet IgG antibodies, causing them to be engulfed by macrophages in the spleen. May be linked to autoimmune disorders.
The individual is affected by either HIV infection or lymphoproliferative diseases. Manifests in pediatric patients as a transient and restricted response to viral infection. Alternatively, it might manifest in adulthood as a persistent condition.
The etiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is currently unknown, however viral infection (such as HIV), medications, and autoimmune illnesses have been suggested as potential causes. Has been associated with the acquired inhibitor of vWF-cleaving protease.Most commonly observed in women aged 20-50.
Study of the nature and causes of diseases.
ITP: Bone marrow may exhibit sporadic elevation of megakaryocytes. The examination of the blood sample reveals a condition called thrombocytopenia, characterized by a low platelet count. Additionally, the platelets appear to be slightly larger than normal.
TTP: Prevalent hyaline microthrombi present in the microvasculature without any signs of inflammation;
Peripheral blood smear reveals a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), fragmented red blood cells (schistocytes), and an increased number of immature red blood cells (reticulocytosis).
Symptoms and signs
Initial presentation: Bleeding from the mucous membranes; nosebleeds; small red or purple spots on the skin; absence of an enlarged spleen. Laboratory results indicate a reduction in platelet count, presence of antiplatelet antibodies, and an increase in bleeding time.
TTP presents with neurologic impairments, fever, renal failure, petechia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Laboratory results indicate a drop in platelets, an increase in LDH and indirect bilirubin levels, azotemia, a decrease in the activity of vWF-cleaving protease inhibitor (ADAMTS13), an increased bleeding time, and a decrease in hematocrit (Hct).
Treatment for ITP includes the use of Prednisone, intravenous immune globulin, and splenectomy.
TTP treatment options include plasmapheresis, splenectomy, or the use of immunosuppressive medications for severe instances.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a condition where platelets are coated with antiplatelet IgG antibodies, causing them to be engulfed by macrophages in the spleen. May be linked to autoimmune disorders.
The individual is affected by either HIV infection or lymphoproliferative diseases. Manifests in pediatric patients as a transient and restricted response to viral infection. Alternatively, it might manifest in adulthood as a persistent condition.
The etiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is currently unknown, however viral infection (such as HIV), medications, and autoimmune illnesses have been suggested as potential causes. Has been associated with the acquired inhibitor of vWF-cleaving protease.Most commonly observed in women aged 20-50.
Study of the nature and causes of diseases.
ITP: Bone marrow may exhibit sporadic elevation of megakaryocytes. The examination of the blood sample reveals a condition called thrombocytopenia, characterized by a low platelet count. Additionally, the platelets appear to be slightly larger than normal.
TTP: Prevalent hyaline microthrombi present in the microvasculature without any signs of inflammation;
Peripheral blood smear reveals a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), fragmented red blood cells (schistocytes), and an increased number of immature red blood cells (reticulocytosis).
Symptoms and signs
Initial presentation: Bleeding from the mucous membranes; nosebleeds; small red or purple spots on the skin; absence of an enlarged spleen. Laboratory results indicate a reduction in platelet count, presence of antiplatelet antibodies, and an increase in bleeding time.
TTP presents with neurologic impairments, fever, renal failure, petechia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Laboratory results indicate a drop in platelets, an increase in LDH and indirect bilirubin levels, azotemia, a decrease in the activity of vWF-cleaving protease inhibitor (ADAMTS13), an increased bleeding time, and a decrease in hematocrit (Hct).
Treatment for ITP includes the use of Prednisone, intravenous immune globulin, and splenectomy.
TTP treatment options include plasmapheresis, splenectomy, or the use of immunosuppressive medications for severe instances.
